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Abstract
The theoretical standards for hydraulic model calibration have been examined in numerous studies. However, the reality of modelling for real distribution system operators is that an ideal calibration often cannot be achieved due to lack of resources, data scarcity and time constraints. This paper will discuss the typical model calibrations that are currently carried out in the USA, including the types of data that are most commonly used, the techniques for calibration and the ability to achieve a calibration of sufficient accuracy to address the modelling goals. The trade-offs between level of model accuracy and real-world constraints will be presented for different categories of modelling ranging from transmission master planning to residual disinfectant predictions.
Acknowledgements
The authors gratefully acknowledge that the Awwa Research Foundation (AwwaRF) is the joint owner of certain technical information upon which this publication was based. The authors thank AwwaRF for its financial, technical and administrative assistance in funding the project through which this information was discovered. The authors would also like to thank their fellow project team members: Dragan Savic, Zoran Kapelan and Philip Jonkergouw of the University of Exeter and Mike Agbodo of HDR, Inc. The participation and sharing of information by the water utilities and project advisory committee members involved in the project is a key part of this project and is greatly appreciated.