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Articles

Carrying capacity and impact indicators: analysis and suggestions for sustainable tourism in protected areas – Brazil

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Pages 73-97 | Received 25 Oct 2020, Accepted 18 Nov 2020, Published online: 24 Apr 2021
 

ABSTRACT

Protected Areas (PA) are widely studied, especially related to effectiveness strategies for environmental conservation and ecotourism management. Research on tourism planning and management in natural environments is fundamental. Several methodologies have been created to obtain data for indicating guidelines for the management and planning of PA. This paper analyzes, discusses and makes complementary suggestions to the carrying capacity methodology developed by Cifuentes et al. (Citation1999). Our aim was to lower the subjectivity content of Carrying Capacity (Cifuentes et al. Citation1999), and to incorporate several impact indicators in the monitoring process. Data were collected on Ibitipoca State Park trails in August 2018 and April 2019. Results demonstrated that flooding, soil surface degradation, exposed tree roots and canopy layer are core for carrying capacity visitors, totaling 959 tourists per day. Water quality was altered through the parameters: Specific Conductivity (966 mS/cm) and Total Dissolved Solids (624 mg/L) and Conductivity (173 mS/cm) and pH (3.69). The discussions and results highlight the need for a broader approach to the physical parameters, the adoption of qualitative variables, the increase of biological and ecological factors. Therefore, the analysis of the carrying capacity methodology aims to assist more comprehensive strategies integrated with planning and monitoring of PA.

Capacidade de suporte e indicadores de impacto: análise e sugestões para a sustentabilidade do turismo em Áreas Protegidas – Brasil

As Unidades de Conservação (UC) são amplamente estudadas, principalmente em relação às estratégias de eficácia da conservação ambiental e gestão do uso público. Pesquisas em planejamento e gestão do turismo em ambientes naturais é fundamental. Diversas metodologias foram criadas para obter dados para indicar diretrizes para a gestão e planejamento de UC no Brasil. Este artigo analisa, discute e faz sugestões complementares à metodologia de capacidade de carga desenvolvida por Cifuentes et al. (Citation1999). Nosso objetivo foi diminuir a subjetividade da Capacidade de Suporte (Cifuentes et al. Citation1999) e incorporar diversos indicadores de impacto no monitoramento. Os dados foram coletados nas trilhas do Parque Estadual do Ibitipoca em agosto de 2018 e abril de 2019. Os resultados demonstraram que alagamentos, degradação da superfície do solo, raízes expostas e dossel são essenciais para a capacidade de carga de visitantes, totalizando 959 turistas diários. A qualidade da água foi alterada através dos parâmetros: Condutividade Específica (966 mS/cm) e Sólidos Dissolvidos Totais (624 mg/L) e Condutividade (173 mS / cm) e pH (3,69). As discussões e resultados evidenciam a necessidade de uma abordagem mais ampla dos parâmetros físicos, da adoção de variáveis ⁣⁣qualitativas, do aumento dos fatores biológicos e ecológicos. Portanto, a análise da metodologia de capacidade de carga visa auxiliar em estratégias mais abrangentes e integradas ao planejamento e monitoramento de trilhas nas UC.

Acknowledgements

We thank the Masters programme in Geography of the Federal University de Juiz de Fora, the Advanced Studies in Environmental Analysis programme and the Center for Geo-Environmental Analysis (NAGEA). We also thank the Tourism and Business Department at Federal University Rural do Rio de Janeiro, Instituto Estadual de Florestas (IEF), as well as Manager Clarice Nascimento Lantelme Silva. Special thanks to Dr. Lowell William Adams from University of Maryland for reading, supporting and bringing new ideas to the study.

Disclosure statement

No potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).

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