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European Journal of Developmental Psychology Volume 9, 2012 - Issue 4
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A checklist for testing measurement invariance

Rens van de Schoot Department of Methods and Statistics, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands; Optentia Research Program, North-West University, Vanderbijlpark, South AfricaCorrespondence[email protected]
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,
Peter Lugtig Department of Methods and Statistics, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
&
Joop Hox Department of Methods and Statistics, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
Pages 486-492 | Received 21 Mar 2012, Accepted 16 Apr 2012, Published online: 15 May 2012
 
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Abstract

The analysis of measurement invariance of latent constructs is important in research across groups, or across time. By establishing whether factor loadings, intercepts and residual variances are equivalent in a factor model that measures a latent concept, we can assure that comparisons that are made on the latent variable are valid across groups or time. Establishing measurement invariance involves running a set of increasingly constrained structural equation models, and testing whether differences between these models are significant. This paper provides a step-by-step guide to analysing measurement invariance.

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Notes on contributors

Rens van de Schoot

  The first author received a grant from the Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research: NWO-VENI-451-11-008.   With many thanks to Marie Stievenart, Stefanos Mastrotheodoros, Leonard Vanbrabant and Esmee Verhulp for proofreading the manuscript.

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