Steven W. Hook and John Spanier: American Foreign Policy since World War II

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Notes

1. Steven W. Hook and John Spanier, American Foreign Policy since World War II, 20th ed. (Los Angeles: CQ Press, 2016), xiv.

2. Ibid., 6–21.

3. Ibid., 78.

4. Robert S. Snyder, “The US and Third World Revolutionary Studies: Understanding the Breakdown in Relations,” International Studies Quarterly 43, no. 2 (1999): 265–290.

5. Robert P. Hager, Jr. and Robert S. Snyder, “The United States and Nicaragua: Understanding the Breakdown in Relations,” Journal of Cold War Studies 17, no. 2 (2015): 3–35.

6. Hook and Spanier, American Foreign Policy, 59–62, 106–107, and 169–170.

7. Michael M. Sheng, Battling Western Imperialism: Mao, Stalin and the United States (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1997).

8. Chen Jian, China’s Road to the Korean War: The Making of the Sino-American Confrontation (New York: Columbia University Press, 1994); and Chen Jian, Mao’s China and the Cold War (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2001).

9. Among other works that discuss this, see Chen, China’s Road to the Korean War, especially 109–113.

10. Hook and Spanier, American Foreign Policy, 92 (emphasis in the original).

11. Chen, Mao’s China and the Cold War, especially 118–237; and Stephen J. Morris, Why Vietnam Invaded Cambodia: Political Culture and the Causes of War (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1999), especially 119–142 and 154–156.

12. Morris, Why Vietnam Invaded Cambodia, especially143–166.

13. Hook and Spanier, American Foreign Policy, 80–81.

14. Robert A. Pastor, Condemned to Repetition: The United States and Nicaragua (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1987). See ibid., 3 and 321, n. 2 for a discussion of the FDR quote.

15. Hook and Spanier, American Foreign Policy, 82.

16. Piero Gleijeses, Shattered Hope: The Guatemalan Revolution and the United States, 1944–1954 (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1991).

17. Stephen D. Krasner, Defending the National Interest: Raw Materials Investments and US Foreign Policy (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1978).

18. Hook and Spanier, American Foreign Policy, 88.

19. Hal Brands, Latin America’s Cold War (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2010), 105–108 and 116–120. This analysis is supported by others such as Kristian Gustafson, Hostile Intent: US Covert Operations in Chile, 1964–1974 (Washington, DC: Potomac Books, 2007).

20. Hook and Spanier, American Foreign Policy, 122.

21. Ironically, it was a liberal critic of Reagan administration policy who pointed this out when he was trying to argue that the Salvadoran Left, unlike the Sandinista regime in Nicaragua, would not necessarily gravitate to a pro-Soviet alignment if it came power. Robert S. Leiken, “The Salvadoran Left,” in Robert S. Leiken, ed. Central America: Anatomy of Conflict (New York: Pergamon Press, 1984), 111–130.

22. Hook and Spanier, American Foreign Policy, 141, n. 13.

23. It is mentioned only briefly. Pastor, Condemned to Repetition, 258–259 and 294.

24. Hook and Spanier, American Foreign Policy, 8254.

25. Steve Coll, Ghost Wars: The Secret History of the CIA, Afghanistan, and bin Laden, from the Soviet Invasion to September, 10, 2001, updated ed. (New York: Penguin Books, 2005), 87.

26. Hook and Spanier, American Foreign Policy, 241.

27. Lawrence Wright, The Looming Tower: Al Qaeda and the Road to 9/11 (New York: Random House, 2006) 127.

28. Hook and Spanier, American Foreign Policy, 89.

29. Robert P. Hager, Jr. and David A. Lake, “Balancing Empires: Competitive Decolonization in International Politics,” Security Studies 9, no. 3 (2000): 143.

30. Hook and Spanier, American Foreign Policy, 125.

31. Ibid., 74. They cite as their source Jung Chang and Jon Halliday, Mao: The Unknown Story (New York: Knopf, 2005), a damning indictment of Mao’s regime.

32. Ibid., 107.

33. Ibid., 89 and 122.

34. Ibid., 21.