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Abstract
In many sports, but especially professional soccer in the UK, clubs have recently relocated to new stadiums so as to meet new health and safety requirements and also develop new opportunities for income generation. The process of stadium relocation involves the emergence of new spaces that have implications for the power relations between stadium owners, managers and sport supporters. Existing studies provide a limited understanding of the changing nature of power relations in new stadiums. This paper reveals the power modalities and resources involved in the constantly changing new stadium spaces. A case study of Arsenal Football Club in London and the process of ‘Arsenalisation’ in the club's new stadium reveals how material and virtual spaces are used by supporters to resist, confirm and negotiate the resources and practices of stadium managers seeking to control their activities.
Notes
1 CitationGaffney, Temples of the Earthbound Gods.
2 CitationEuchner, ‘Tourism and Sports’; CitationBale, ‘Introduction’ in the Stadium; CitationJones, ‘A Level Playing Field’; CitationAustrian and Rosentraub, ‘Cities, Sports, and Economic Change’; CitationThornley, ‘Urban Regeneration’; CitationDavies, ‘Not in My Back Yard’; CitationCollins, ‘Assessing the Environmental Consequences’.
3 CitationRoche, Mega-Events and Modernity; CitationRen, ‘Architecture and Nation Building’.
4 CitationGaffney, Temples of the Earthbound Gods.
5 CitationRen, ‘Architecture and Nation Building’.
6 S. Inglis, ‘This is “End to End Stuff”’, When Saturday Comes, 2003, 200, 2–7.
7 CitationMalcolm, ‘Football Business’.
8 CitationGiulianotti, Football.
9 S. Inglis, ‘This is “End to End Stuff”’, When Saturday Comes, 2003, 200, 2–7.
10 CitationBrown, ‘United We Stand’; CitationNash, ‘English Football Fan Groups’.
11 CitationRedhead, Post Fandom.
12 CitationPenny and Redhead, ‘We're Not Really Here’.
13 CitationHaugaard, Power: A Reader; CitationLukes, Power: A Radical View.
14 CitationMiller, Domination and Power.
15 CitationHirst, Space and Power; CitationAllen, Lost Geographies of Power.
16 CitationBale, Sport; CitationGiulianotti, Football; CitationGaffney, Temples of the Earthbound Gods.
17 CitationRelph, Place and Placelessness; CitationAuge, Non-Places.
18 CitationGaffney, Temples of the Earthbound Gods, 16.
19 CitationBale, ‘Changing Face of Football’.
20 CitationGiulianotti, Football.
21 CitationBelanger, ‘Sport Venues’.
22 CitationJones, ‘A Level Playing Field’; CitationDavies, ‘Not in My Back Yard’.
23 CitationNash, ‘English Football Fan Groups’.
24 CitationMalcolm, ‘Football Business’.
25 CitationBale, ‘Changing Face of Football’.
26 CitationGaffney, Temples of the Earthbound Gods, 203.
27 CitationBairner and Shirlow, ‘Loyalism’.
28 CitationGaffney, Temples of the Earthbound Gods, 5.
29 CitationPenny and Redhead, ‘We're Not Really Here’.
30 CitationGiulianotti, ‘Introduction’.
31 CitationThornley, ‘Urban Regeneration’; CitationDavies, ‘Not in My Back Yard’; CitationRen, ‘Architecture and Nation Building’; CitationAhlfeldt and Maennig, ‘Arenas’.
32 Bale, Sport; CitationYoung, ‘Kaiser Franz’; CitationGaffney, Temples of the Earthbound Gods.
33 CitationGiulianotti, ‘Introduction’.
34 CitationAllen, Lost Geographies of Power.
35 CitationHaugaard, ‘Reflections on Seven Ways’.
36 CitationAllen, Lost Geographies of Power, 63.
37 CitationGiddens, Constitution of Society.
38 Ibid.
39 CitationChurch and Coles, ‘Tourism’; CitationChurch, Gilchrist and Ravenscroft, ‘Negotiating Recreational Access’.
40 CitationStrauss and Corbin, Basics of Qualitative Research.
41 CitationCrang, ‘Field Work’.
42 CitationMillward, ‘Rebirth of the Football Fanzine’.
43 See http://www.arsenal.com/news/emirates-stadium-news/the-stadium-benefits-to-arsenal-and-its-supporters, February 24, 2010 (accessed November 14, 2010).
44 See http://www.bbc.co.uk/london/content/articles/arsenal_transport_meeting_feature.shtml, March 29, 2007 (accessed October 2, 2010).
45 British Broadcasting Corporation, ‘BBC Sport Price of Football Survey’, http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-19842397, October 18, 2012 (accessed October 19, 2012).
46 Ibid.
47 CitationConn, Beautiful Game, 11.
48 See http://www.arsenal.com/news/emirates-stadium-news/the-stadium-benefits-to-arsenal-and-its-supporters, February 2, 2004 (accessed November 14, 2010).
49 See http://www.blackscarfafc.co.uk/news-smoke-and-mirrors/4563755978, April 30, 2012 (accessed October 20, 2012).
50 See http://www.blackscarfafc.co.uk/news-meeting-with-arsenal/4558277057, November 30, 2011 (accessed October 20, 2012).
51 See http://www.arsenal.com/news/news-archive/arsenal-announce-season-ticket-prices, February 23, 2012 (accessed October 19, 2012).
52 See http://www.arsenal.com/news/news-archive/club-announces-changes-to-ticketing-approach, July 13, 2012 (accessed October 19, 2012).
53 Bale, Sport.
54 Ibid.
55 CitationBelanger, ‘Sport Venues’, 378.
56 Ibid., 395.
57 CitationGaffney, Temples of the Earthbound Gods.
58 CitationHowe and Underwood, ‘Reading Football Club’.
59 See http://www.arsenal.com/news/news-archive/club-begins-arsenalisation-of-the-emirates, August 24, 2009 (accessed 3 November 3, 2010); also see The Guardian, ‘Portsmouth Feel the March of “Arsenalisation”’, August 24, 2009 http://www.guardian.co.uk (accessed August 15, 2010).
60 See http://www.arsenal.com/arsenalisation, October 11, 2010 (accessed 12 September 12, 2011).
61 Ibid.
62 Arsenal Magazine, ‘Arsenal Won't Lose its Marble’, 2005, 3, 4, p. 32.
63 CitationPenny and Redhead, ‘We're Not Really Here’.
64 CitationBelanger, ‘Sport Venues’.
65 See http://www.igooner.co.uk, supporter post, March 4, 2008 (accessed September 18, 2010).
66 See http://arsenal.com/155/unhoused-import-pages/latest-stadium-news/club-makes-new-stadium-a-home-from-home, July 19, 2006 (accessed November 3, 2010).
67 Cited in A. Warshaw, ‘Arsenal Fans Question Rights Deal’, The Sunday Telegraph, October 10, 2004.
68 See http://www.igooner.co.uk (2008b), supporter post November 14, 2008 (accessed September 18, 2010).
69 See http://www.arsenal.com/news/news-archive/emirates-stadium-stands-to-be-renamed, July 19, 2010 (accessed November 3, 2010).
70 See http://www.redaction.org.uk/articles.html, March 23, 2010 (accessed November 20, 2010).
71 See http://www.igooner.co.uk, supporter post, September 24, 2009 (accessed September 18, 2010).
72 See http://www.arsenal.com/fanzone/supporters-forum/supporters-forum, November 18, 2006 (accessed November 14, 2010).
73 http://www.igooner.co.uk, supporter post, July 19, 2010 (accessed September 18, 2010).
74 CitationPenny and Redhead, ‘We're Not Really Here’.
75 CitationMalcolm, ‘Football Business’.
76 CitationGiddens, Constitution of Society.
77 Bale, Sport.
78 CitationGiddens, Constitution of Society.
79 CitationRedhead, Post Fandom.
80 CitationAllen, Lost Geographies of Power.
81 Ibid.
82 CitationHaugaard, Power: A Reader.