Towards understanding the potential of sports-based practices for socially vulnerable youth

Abstract

Many literatures can be found reporting on the association of organized youth sports with a range of positive health-related, educational and social outcomes. Specifically in relation to socially vulnerable youth, sports are viewed as an opportunity to engage young people in a leisure context, not only in terms of participation in sport activities but also across a range of positive alternatives including education, employment and training, community leadership and healthy lifestyles. By using the model of social vulnerability, as conceptualized by Vettenburg, we address the question: how socially vulnerable youth can become less vulnerable by doing sports?

Notes

^1.Fraser-Thomas, Côté, and Deakin, ‘Youth Sport Programs’; Coalter, ‘Social Benefits of Sports’; Gould and Carson, ‘Life skills Development through Sport’; Holt, Positive Youth Development.

^2.Feinstein, Bynner, and Duckworth, ‘Young People's Leisure Contexts’.

^3. Ibid.; Mahoney, Larson, and Eccles, Organised Activities as Contexts.

^4.Crabbé, ‘Reaching the “Hard to Reach”’; Spaaij, ‘Sport as a Vehicle’.

^5.Theeboom, Haudenhuyse, and De Knop, ‘Community Sports Development’.

^6.Bailey et al., ‘Educational Benefits Claimed’; Coalter, Wider Social Role for Sport.

^7.Houlihan, Bloyce, and Smith, ‘Developing the Research Agenda’.

^8. Ibid.

^9.Murphy and Waddington, ‘Sport for All.’

^10.Coalter, ‘Social Benefits of Sports’; Murphy and Waddington, ‘Sport for All’.

^11.Cavill, Kahlmeier, and Racioppi, Physical Activity and Health.

^12.Coalter, ‘Social Benefits of Sports’; Long and Sanderson, ‘Social Benefits of sport’.

^13.Bailey, ‘Youth Sport and Social Inclusion’.

^14.Coalter, ‘Sport Development's Contribution’.

^15.Theeboom, De Knop, and Wylleman, ‘Martial Arts and Socially Vulnerable’.

^16.Nichols, Sport and Crime Reduction, 204.

^17.Coalter, ‘Sport Development's Contribution’, 28.

^18.Green, ‘Sport as an Agent’.

^19.Coalter, ‘Social Benefits of Sports’; Coakley, ‘Youth Sports’; Green, ‘Sport as an Agent’; Holt, Positive Youth Development; Nichols, Sport and Crime Reduction; Magee and Jeanes, ‘Football's Coming Home’; Martinek and Hellison, Youth Leadership in Sport; Sandford, Armour, and Warmington, ‘Re-Engaging Disaffected Youth’.

^20.Vettenburg, Schoolervaringen, delinquentie en maatschappelijke kwetsbaarheid.

^21.Bailey, ‘Youth Sport and Social Inclusion’.

^22.Vettenburg, ‘Juvenile Delinquency and the Cultural’.

^23. Ibid.

^24.Haudenhuyse, Theeboom, and Nols, ‘Sports-Based Interventions’.

^25.Coalter, ‘Social Benefits of Sports’.

^26.Bailey, ‘Youth Sport and Social Inclusion’; Coalter, ‘Social Benefits of Sports’; Fraser-Thomas, Côté, and Deakin, ‘Youth Sport Programs’; Hartmann, ‘Notes on Midnight Basketball’; Nichols, Sport and Crime Reduction; Quane and Rankin, ‘Does It Pay to Participate?; Shields and Bredemeier, Character Development and Physical Activity; Spaaij, ‘Sport as a Vehicle’.

^27.Vettenburg, Schoolervaringen, delinquentie en maatschappelijke kwetsbaarheid.

^28.Bailey and Dismore, ‘Sport in Education’.

^29.Theeboom, De Knop, and Wylleman, ‘Martial Arts and Socially Vulnerable’.

^30.Crabbé, ‘Reaching the “Hard to Reach”’; Hellison, ‘Physical Activity Programs’; Theeboom, De Knop, and Wylleman, ‘Underprivileged Youth’.

^31.Coalter and Taylor, ‘Sport-for-Development Impact’.

^32.Theeboom, De Knop, and Wylleman, ‘Underprivileged Youth’.

^33.De Winter and Noom, ‘Someone Who Treats Me’.

^34.Theeboom, De Knop, and Wylleman, ‘Underprivileged Youth’.

^35.Robins, Sport as Prevention.

^36.Cousseé, Roets, and De Bie, ‘Empowering the Powerful’.

^37.Baizerman, ‘Youth Work on the Streets’.

^38.Vettenburg, Schoolervaringen, delinquentie en maatschappelijke kwetsbaarheid.

^39.Vettenburg and Van Kerckvoorde, ‘De leerkracht-leerling relatie in de praktijk’.

^40.Kelly, ‘Social Inclusion through Sports’.

^41.Jennings et al., ‘Toward a Critical Social Theory’.

^42. Ibid.

^43.Ames, ‘Achievement Goals’.

^44.Barkoukis, Tsorbatzoudis, and Grouios, ‘Manipulation of Motivational Climate’; Boardley and Kavussanu, ‘Influence of Social Variables’; Cecchini et al., ‘Influence of the Physical Education’; Theeboom, De Knop, and Weiss, ‘Motivational Climate, Psychological Responses’; Tod and Hodge, ‘Moral Reasoning and Achievement’.

^45.Bandura, Self-Efficacy in Changing Societies.

^46.Whitehead and Corbin, ‘Self-Esteem in Children and Youth’.

^47.Andrews and Andrews, ‘Life in a Secure Unit’; Coalter, Allison, and Taylor, ‘Role of sport in Regenerating’.

^48.Andrews and Andrews, ‘Life in a Secure Unit’; Burnett, ‘Building Social Capital’; Vettenburg, ‘Juvenile Delinquency and the Cultural’.

^49.Coalter and Taylor, ‘Sport-for-Development Impact’.

^50.Theeboom, De Knop, and Weiss, ‘Motivational Climate, Psychological Responses’.

^51.Vazou, Ntoumanis, and Duda, ‘Peer Motivational Climate’; Smith, Cumming, and Smoll, ‘Development and Validation’.

^52.Coalter, ‘Sport Development's Contribution’; Crabbé, ‘Reaching the “Hard to Reach”’.

^53.Bandura, Self-Efficacy in Changing Societies, 3.

^54.Bandura, Self-Efficacy in Changing Societies.

^55.Duda and Ntoumanis, ‘After-School Sport for Children’.

^56.Fry and Gano-Overway, ‘Exploring the Contribution’.

^57.Coalter, Wider Social Role for Sport.

^58. Ibid.

^59.Kunz, ‘Sport as a Post-Disaster’.

^60.Kay, ‘Developing Through Sport’.

^61.Jennings et al., ‘Toward a Critical Social Theory’.

^62.Maslow, Motivation and Personality.

^63.Coalter, ‘Sport Development's Contribution’.

^64.Jones and Deutsch, ‘Relational Strategies in After-School’.

^65.Palmer, The Courage to Teach.

^66.Bandura, Self-Efficacy in Changing Societies.

^67.Crabbé, ‘Reaching the “Hard to Reach”’.

^68.Coalter, Wider Social Role for Sport.

^69.Bourdieu, ‘The Forms of Capital’.

^70. See, for example Holt, Positive Youth Development; Nichols, Sport and Crime Reduction; Coalter, ‘Sport Development's Contribution’; Burnett, ‘Building Social Capital’; Morley et al., ‘Inclusive Physical Education’.

^71.Theeboom, Haudenhuyse, and De Knop, ‘Community Sports Development’.

^72. See, for example Martinek and Hellison, ‘Fostering Resiliency’; Skille and Waddington, ‘Alternative Sport Programmes’; Theeboom, De Knop, and Wylleman, ‘Martial Arts and Socially Vulnerable’.

^73.Mahoney and Stattin, ‘Leisure Activities and Adolescent Antisocial’.

^74.Feinstein, Bynner, and Duckworth, ‘Young People's Leisure Contexts’.

^75.Green, ‘Sport as an Agent’.

^76.Andrews and Andrews, ‘Life in a Secure Unit’; Elling and Claringbould, ‘Mechanisms of Inclusion’.

^77.Fraser-Thomas, Côté, and Deakin, ‘Youth Sport Programs’.

^78.Andrews and Andrews, ‘Life in a Secure Unit’; Magee and Jeanes, ‘Football's Coming Home’; Smith, Smoll, and Barnett, ‘Reduction of Children's Sport’.

^79.Andrews and Andrews, ‘Life in a Secure Unit’; Sugden and Yiannakis, ‘Sport and Juvenile Delinquency’.

^80.Magee and Jeanes, ‘Football's Coming Home’.

^81.Skille and Waddington, ‘Alternative Sport Programmes’.

^82. Ibid.; Wong, ‘Effects of Adolescent Activities’.

^83.Mahoney, Stattin, and Lord, ‘Unstructured Youth Recreation Centre’.

^84. See also Dishion, McCord, and Poulin, ‘When Interventions Harm’; Quane and Rankin, ‘Does It Pay to Participate?; Trainor et al., ‘Leisure Activities and Adolescent’.

^85.Coalter, ‘Social Benefits of Sports’.

^86.Coakley, ‘Youth Sports’; Coalter, Wider Social Role for Sport.

^87.Skille, ‘Sport for All in Scandinavia’.

^88.Skille, ‘Sport for All in Scandinavia’, 331.

^89.Coalter, ‘Sport-in-Development’.

^90.Coalter, ‘Politics of Sport-for-Development’.

^91.Biddle, Goreley, and Stensel, ‘Health-Enhancing Physical Activity’.

^92.Weiss, Evaluation.

^93. See Dishion, McCord, and Poulin, ‘When Interventions Harm’; Mahoney, Stattin, and Lord, ‘Unstructured Youth Recreation Centre’; Persson, Kerr, and Stattin, ‘Staying in or Moving’; Rankin and Quane, ‘Social Contexts and Urban Adolescent’; Wong, ‘Effects of Adolescent Activities’.

^94. For example, Kay and Spaaij, ‘Mediating Effects of Family’; Loukas, Roalson, and Herrera, ‘School Connectedness Buffers’.

^95.Kay and Spaaij, ‘Mediating Effects of Family’.

^96.Benson, ‘Adolescent Development in Social’; Fraser-Thomas, Côté, and Deakin, ‘Youth Sport Programs’; Witt and Crompton, ‘Protective Factors Framework’.

^97.Eccles and Gootman, Community Programs to Promote.

^98.Sukarieh and Tannock, ‘Positivity Imperative’.

^99.Coalter, ‘Sport Development's Contribution’.

^100.Coalter and Taylor, ‘Sport-for-Development Impact’.

^101.Colley and Hodkinson, ‘Problems with “Bridging the Gap”’.

^102.Coalter, ‘Sport Development's Contribution’.

^103.Jennings et al., ‘Toward a Critical Social Theory’.

^104.Theeboom, De Knop, and Wylleman, ‘Underprivileged Youth’.

^105.Jennings et al., ‘Toward a Critical Social Theory’.

^106.Coalter, ‘Politics of Sport-for-Development’.