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ABSTRACT
Effa Manley, arguably the most demanding matriarch in baseball history, was a pioneer in many respects. As the first female owner of an American professional baseball team, she helped hone the skills of numerous star players while negotiating contracts with several of the most savvy team owners within Major League Baseball. Her plaque in Major Leagues Baseball’s Hall of Fame is a testament to her dedication to the sport, steadfast resolve, and administrative leadership.
Notes
1 Jay J. Coakley, Sports in Society: Issues and Controversies, 10th ed. (Boston: McGraw Hill, 2009).
2 George H. Sage and D. S. Eitzen, 2013. Sociology of North American Sport, 9th ed. (New York: Oxford University Press, 2013), 29.
3 Robert K. Barney, “Physical Education and Sport in the United States,” in History of Physical Education and Sport, rev. ed. ed. by Earl F. Zeigler, 173-219 (Champaign: Stipes. 1988).
4 Wilbert M. Leonard, A Sociological Perspective of Sport, 5th ed. (Needham Heights: Allyn and Bacon, 1998).
5 Jonathan F. Light, The Cultural Encyclopedia of Baseball (Jefferson: McFarland, 1997); Richard A. Swanson and Betty Spears, History of Sport and Physical Education in the United States, 4th ed. (Dubuque: Brown & Benchmark, 1995).
6 Brian Carroll, The Black Press and Black Baseball, 1915-1955: A Devil’s Bargain (New York: Routledge, 2015), 111.
7 Gai I. Berlage, “Effa Manley: A Major Force in Negro Baseball in the 1930s and 1940s” in Out of the Shadows: African American Baseball From the Cuban Giants to Jackie Robinson, ed. Bill Kirwin, 129-146 (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 2005); Geoffrey C. Ward, Ken Burns, and Jim O’Connor, Shadowball: The History of the Negro Leagues (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1994).
8 Roberta J. Newman and Joel N. Rosen, Black Baseball Black Business: Race Enterprise and the Fate of the Segregated Dollar (Jackson: University Press of Mississippi, 2014).
9 Bob Luke, The Most Famous Women in Baseball: Effa Manley and the Negro Leagues (Dulles: Potomac Books, 2011), Kindle edition.
10 Berlage, “Effa Manley,” 128.
11 Luke, The Most Famous Women in Baseball: Effa Manley and the Negro Leagues.
12 Ibid.
13 Effa Manley and Leon H. Hardwick, Negro baseball… Before Integration, Ed. Robert Cvornyek (Haworth: St. Johann Press, 2006), x.
14 Ibid, 40.
15 Neil Lanctot, Negro League Baseball: The Rise and Ruin of a Black Institution (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2004); Audrey Vernick, She Loved Baseball: The Effa Manley Story (New York: Harper Collins, 2010).
16 John B. Holway, Voices From the Great Black Baseball Leagues, rev. ed. (Mineola: Dover Publications, 2010), 315.
17 Luke, The Most Famous Women in Baseball.
18 Ibid.
19 Manley and Hardwick, Negro Baseball… Before Integration, xiii.
20 Berlage, “Effa Manley.”
21 Jim Railey and Peggy R. Tschauner, Managing Physical Education, Fitness, and Sport Programs, 2nd ed. (Mountain View: Mayfield, 1993); William F. Stier, Sport Management: The Business of Sport, 3rd ed. (Boston: American Press, 2014), 73.
22 Geoffrey C. Ward and Ken Burns, Baseball: An Illustrated History (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1994), 201.
23 Jay J. Coakley, Sports in Society: Issues and Controversies, 12th ed. (New York: McGraw Hill, 2017), 15.
24 Lanctot, Negro League Baseball, 86.
25 Ibid, 339.
26 Peterson, Robert, Only the Ball Was White: A History of Legendary Black Players and All-Black Professional Teams (New York: Gramercy Books, 1970), 136.
27 James Overmyer, Queen of the Negro Leagues: Effa Manley and the Newark Eagles (Lanham: Scarecrow Press, 1998), 3.
28 Ibid.
29 Berlage, “Effa Manley,” 133.
30 John B. Holway, Black Diamonds: Life in the Negro Leagues From the Men Who Lived It (New York: Stadium Books, 1991), 162.
31 Manley and Hardwick, Negro Baseball… Before Integration, 76.
32 Ibid, 77.
33 Lanctot, Negro League Baseball, 293.
34 Ibid.
35 Berlage, “Effa Manley,” 132.
36 Newman & Rosen, Black Baseball Black Business: Race Enterprise and the Fate of the Segregated Dollar, 108.
37 Ibid.
38 Lanctot, Negro League Baseball, 88.
39 Ibid.
40 Newman & Rosen, Black Baseball Black Business: Race Enterprise and the Fate of the Segregated Dollar, 99.
41 Ibid.
42 Carroll, The Black Press and Black Baseball, 96.
43 Lanctot, Negro League Baseball, 270.
44 Ibid, 238.
45 Ibid, 295.
46 Ward, Burns, O’Connor, Baseball, 71.
47 Kyle McNary, Black Baseball: A History of African-Americans & the National Game (New York: Sterling, 2003).
48 Holway, Voices From the Great Black Baseball League, 318.
49 Carroll, The Black Press and Black Baseball, 129.
50 Ward, Burns, & O’Connor, Baseball.
51 Richard O. Davies, America’s Obsession: Sports and Society Since 1945 (Fort Worth: Harcourt Brace, 1994).
52 Gerald R. Gems, Linda J. Borish, and Gertrud Pfister, Sports in American History: From Colonization to Globalization (Champaign: Human Kinetics, 2008).
53 Manley & Hardwick, Negro Baseball… Before Integration, 95.
54 Light, The Cultural Encyclopedia of Baseball, 85.
55 Luke, The Most Famous Women in Baseball; Overmyer, Queen of the Negro Leagues.