How federal health-care policies interface with urban and rural areas: A comparison of three systems

Abstract

Global public health policies span national borders and affect multitudes of people. The spread of infectious disease has neither political nor economic boundaries, and when elevated to a status of pandemic proportions, immediate action is required. In federal systems of government, the national level leads the policy formation and implementation process, but also collaborates with supranational organisations as part of the global health network. Likewise, the national level of government cooperates with sub-national governments located in both urban and rural areas. Rural areas, particularly in less developed countries, tend to have higher poverty rates and lack the benefits of proper medical facilities, communication modes and technology to prevent the spread of disease. From the perspective of epidemiological surveillance and intervention, this article will examine federal health policies in three federal systems: Australia, Malaysia and the USA. Using the theoretical foundations of collaborative federalism, this article specifically examines how collaborative arrangements and interactions among governmental and non-governmental actors help to address the inherent discrepancies that exist between policy implementation and reactions to outbreaks in urban and rural areas. This is considered in the context of the recent H1N1 influenza pandemic, which spread significantly across the globe in 2009 and is now in what has been termed the ‘post-pandemic era’.

Keywords:

• public health
• epidemiology
• federalism
• urban and rural policy
• disease surveillance
• intervention
• health policy

Notes

1. Of the more than 200 states that exist globally, federal systems of government number relatively few. There are 15 federal systems: Argentina, Australia, Austria, Brazil, Canada, Ethiopia, Germany, India, Malaysia, Mexico, Nigeria, Pakistan, Switzerland, United States and Venezuela (CIA 2011).

2. Environmental determinants include: physical, chemical, biological, social, economic, cultural and political. Individual determinants include: genetics, attitudes and beliefs, lifestyles and behaviour and biomedical factors.

3. This report details a three-tiered framework consisting of Health Status and Outcomes, Determinants of Health and Health System Performance.