Lucía, Bartola, y Rosa: Voice, memory, and contributions of three Afro-Peruvian women

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Disclosure statement

No potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).

Notes

1. See Alicorp’s statement, ‘Por inclusión y diversidad Negrita cambia de nombre e imagen,’ online at < https://www.alicorp.com.pe/pe/es/noticias/por-inclusion-y-diversidad-negrita-cambia-de-nombre-e-imagen/>.

2. Maribel Yolanda Arrelucea Barrantes wrote her Master’s thesis on ‘Género, estamentalidad y etnicidad en las estrategias cotidianas de las esclavas de Lima, 1760-1800’ (2010). Additionally, Arrelucea has published several scholarly works that highlight African-descent women and gender during the colonial period in Peru. For a few examples see (Arrelucea 2007, 2009, 2012, 2016).

3. Baltasar Jaime Martínez Compañón y Bujanda (b. Cabredo 1737, d. Bogotá 1797), Bishop of Trujillo, Peru, between 1782-1788 and Francisco ‘Pancho’ Fierro (b. 1807 and d. 1879 in Lima), Afro-Peruvian watercolor artist, were both costumbrista painters. They left visual testimonies of the country’s urban popular celebrations and everyday life during the colonial period.

4. San Martin de Porres (Lima 1579-1639) was a Peruvian-born mixed-race lay brother of the Dominican order. Pope John XXIII canonized San Martin de Porres in 1962. He is patron saint of those seeking racial harmony and social justice.

5. . The Lord of the Miracles is both a painting of Jesus Christ and a Catholic parade celebrated every October in Lima. The image was painted in the mid-17th century by an Angolan enslaved man. The name of this painting was coined after multiple earthquakes destroyed most of the city except the mural with the painting. Since then, this image has been venerated by hundreds of thousands of pilgrims during religious processions throughout the streets of Lima.

6. All cited quotes were translated from Spanish to English by Monica Rojas-Stewart.

7. The UNESCO press release can be found online at <http://www.unesco.org/new/es/media-services/single-view-tv-release/news/el_pueblo_peruano_de_zana_es_reconocido_sitio_de_la_memo/>.

8. The decima is a Spanish form of poetry present in various Spanish-speaking countries throughout Latin America. It consists of a ten-line stanza with a particular rhyme structure, each line octosyllabic in measure.

9. Chicha is a fermented or non-fermented drink usually made of maize or other sources like peanut or quinoa, depending on the region.

Additional information

Notes on contributors

Monica Rojas-Stewart

Monica Rojas-Stewart holds a Ph.D. in Cultural Anthropology from the University of Washington, where she is Assistant Director of the African Studies and the Latin American and Caribbean Studies programs at the Henry M. Jackson School of International Studies. Her research focuses on the performance traditions of the African diaspora in Peru, Latin America, and the Spanish Caribbean. She is also a performing artivist, community organizer, and founder of the Movimiento Afrolatino Seattle, a grassroots non-for-profit arts organization.