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Articles

A ‘Strange … Absurd … and Somewhat Injurious Influence’? Cricket, Professional Coaching in the Public Schools and the ‘Gentleman Amateur’ Ethos

Pages 8-31 | Published online: 16 Mar 2010
 

Abstract

This paper offers an insight into the changing social and economic relations in cricket between 1860 and 1914, by examining the role of professionals who were employed to coach the game in public schools. It highlights how professionals were widely respected before this period and pioneered the development of playing technique and its dissemination through coaching in a manner that ensured the game was played in a way that benefited their interests. The decline in their status which followed the rise of the ‘gentleman amateur’ to a position of control in cricket during the 1860s is then related to the growth of an influential body of rhetoric that underscored the new structure. Finally, the re-evaluation of coaching's contribution to cricket in private education which formed part of this discourse is set against the continued employment of professionals in such institutions and their influence upon amateur players of the game's ‘Golden Age’.

Notes

1. Edward Lyttelton, ‘Cricket’, in Handbook of Athletic Sports, ed. E. Bell (London, 1890), 2.

2. Derek Birley, A Social History of English Cricket (London, 1999), 34.

3. Ashley Mote, ed., John Nyren's The Cricketers of my Time: The original version (London: Robson Books, 1998), 95.

4. Ashley Mote, ed., John Nyren's The Cricketers of my Time: The original version (London: Robson Books, 1998), 91.

5. Thomas Boxall, Rules and Instructions for Playing at the Game of Cricket, as Practised by the Most Eminent Players to which is Subjoined the Laws and Regulations of Cricketters, as Revised by the Cricket Club at Mary-le-bone (London, 1802).

6. David Rayvern Allen, Early Books on Cricket (London, 1987), 23.

7. William Bolland, Cricket Notes. With a Letter Containing Practical Hints, by William Clark (London, 1851); John Wisden, Cricket, and How to Play it: With the Rules of the Marylebone Club (London, 1866); Charles Box, The Cricketer's Manual: Containing a Brief Review of the Character, History and Elements of Cricket, with the Laws Appertaining Thereto, as Revised by the Marylebone Club, up to the Present Time; Rules for the Formation of Clubs; Together with a Fund of Useful and Requisite Information (London, 1851). Clarke opened the Trent Bridge ground in Nottingham as a commercial venture in 1841 before launching the All England Eleven professional touring team in 1846.

8. John Nyren, The Young Cricketer's Tutor (London, 1833); James Pycroft, The Principles of Scientific Batting or Plain Rules, Founded on the Practice of the First Professionals and Amateurs, for the Noble Game of Cricket (London, 1835).

9. Rev James Pycroft, The Cricket Field or The History and the Science of the Game of Cricket (London, 1854), 144.

10. Mote, John Nyren's The Cricketers of my Time, 133.

11. Nicholas Wanostrocht, Felix on the Bat: Being a Scientific Inquiry into the Use of the Cricket Bat: Together with the History and Use of the Catapulta. Also, the Laws of Cricket as Revised by the Marylebone Club (London, 1845), 1.

12. Rev. James Pycroft, Oxford Memories: A Retrospect after Fifty Years, vol. 2 (London, 1886), 88.

13. Rev. James Pycroft, Oxford Memories: A Retrospect after Fifty Years, vol. 2 (London, 1886), 88.

14. Sheffield Independent, 22 July 1826.

15. John Thomas, Walks in the Neighbourhood of Sheffield, Yorkshire, vol. 2 (Sheffield, 1844), 47–8.

16. Peter Thomas, Yorkshire Cricketers 18391939 (Manchester, 1973), 13; Pycroft, The Cricket Field, 45.

17. Sheffield Independent, 9 June 1827.

18. They were Caldecourt, Tom Baker, John Bayley, Thomas Sewell, Bartholomew Good, Jemmy Dean, William Hillyer, Henry Royston, William Lillywhite and William Dennison.

19. Sheffield Independent, 1 April 1883.

20. Sheffield Independent, 26 May 1833.

21. Freda, Malcolm and Brian Heywood, Cloth Caps and Cricket Crazy: Todmorden and Cricket, 18351896 (Huddersfield, 2004), 11.

22. Freda, Malcolm and Brian Heywood, Cloth Caps and Cricket Crazy: Todmorden and Cricket, 18351896 (Huddersfield, 2004), 23.

23. Pycroft, Oxford Memories, 88.

24. Bell's Life, 28 April 1844.

25. Bell's Life, 28 April 1844.

26. Caffyn explained: ‘Our pay at Oxford was not very large, but we made a good deal of money by the gentlemen putting a shilling on the wicket for every time we got them out … . We have often made as much as 18s. per hour at this game.’ See William Caffyn, Seventy-one Not Out: The Reminiscences of William Caffyn, edited by ‘Mid-on’ (London, 1899), 99–100.

27. Ashley Mallett, The Black Lords of Summer: The Story of the 1868 Aboriginal Tour of England and Beyond (Brisbane, 2002), 44.

28. Christopher Tyerman, A History of Harrow School, 13241991 (Oxford, 2000), 193 (for Anderdon) and 212 (for Anderson).

29. James Pycroft, Cricketana (London, 1865), 20.

30. J.A. Mangan, Athleticism in the Victorian and Edwardian Public School: The Emergence and Consolidation of an Educational Ideology (London, 2000), 22.

31. J.A. Mangan, Athleticism in the Victorian and Edwardian Public School: The Emergence and Consolidation of an Educational Ideology (London, 2000), 31–2.

32. J.A. Mangan, Athleticism in the Victorian and Edwardian Public School: The Emergence and Consolidation of an Educational Ideology (London, 2000), 31–2.

33. Charles Box, The English Game of Cricket: Comprising a Digest of its Origin, Character, History, and Progress, Together with an Exposition of its Laws and Language (London, 1877), 58.

34. H.S. Altham and E.W. Swanton, A History of Cricket (London, 1938), 120.

35. Birley, A Social History of English Cricket, 101.

36. For further details of the dispute see, Rob Light, ‘“In a Yorkshire Like Way”: Cricket and the Construction of Regional Identity in Nineteenth Century Yorkshire’, Sport in History 29, no. 3 (2009): 500–18.

37. Sporting Gazette, 24 Jan. 1863.

38. Sporting Gazette, 24 Jan. 1863.

39. Sporting Gazette, 24 Jan. 1863.

40. Sporting Gazette, 24 Jan. 1863.

41. They were W. Caffyn, for April, at Cheltenham; R.C. Tinley, for April, at Repton; H.H. Stephenson, for April, at Rossall School; G. Whale, for April, at Oxford University; Jas Dean, for the season at Winchester College; Fred Bell, for the season, at Winchester College; J. Broomfield, for the season, at Charterhouse School; and J. Buttery, for April, at Oxford: Sporting Gazette, 28 March 1863.

42. Caffyn, Seventy-one Not Out, 116.

43. Caffyn, Seventy-one Not Out, 27.

44. Thomas Hughes, Tom Brown's Schooldays (Oxford, 1989 edition), 335.

45. Leeds Times, 24 Jan. 1863.

46. Horace G. Hutchinson, ed., Cricket (London, 1903), 147–8.

47. W.W. Read, Annals of Cricket: A Record of the Game Compiled from Authentic Sources and My Own Experiences during the last Twenty Three Years (London: Simpson Low, 1896), 184.

48. Sydney Rogerson, Wilfred Rhodes: Professional and Gentleman (London, 1960), 46–7.

49. Neville Cardus, English Cricket (London, 1997 edition [orig. pub. 1945]), 70. For an account of Cardus's importance to the literary construction of the ‘Golden Age’, see Anthony Bateman, ‘The Politics of the Aesthetic: Cricket, Literature and Culture 1850–1965’ (PhD thesis, University of Salford, 2005), 172.

50. Pycroft, Oxford Memories, 88.

51. Leeds Times, 24 Jan. 1863.

52. R. H. Lyttelton, ‘Eton Cricket’, in The History of Sport in Britain, 18801914: Sport Education and Improvement, ed. Martin Polley (London, 2003), 108.

53. Richard Holt, ‘The Amateur Body and the Middle-class Man: Work, Health and Style in Victorian Britain’, Sport in History 26, no. 3 (2006): 365–6.

54. Derek Birley, Land of Sport and Glory: Sport and British Society 18871910 (Manchester, 1995), 218.

55. Ian Wilton, C.B. Fry: King of Sport (London, 2002), 24.

56. Ian Wilton, C.B. Fry: King of Sport (London, 2002), 24.

57. Polley, The History of Sport in Britain, 108.

58. K.S. Ranjitsinhji, The Jubilee Book of Cricket (London, 1897), 289.

59. Roland Bowen, Cricket: A History of its Growth and Development throughout the World (London, 1970), 168–9.

60. Golf Illustrated, 22 Dec. 1899.

61. Wilton, C.B. Fry: King of Sport, 120.

62. C.B. Fry, Life Worth Living (London, 1939), 103.

63. Cricket: A Weekly Record of the Game, 11 June 1896.

64. Alfred Lubbock, Memories of Eton and Etonians: Including my life at Eton, 18541863 and Some Reminiscences of Subsequent Cricket (London, 1899), 53.

65. A.W. Pullin, Talks with Old English Cricketers (Edinburgh, 1900), 172.

66. Lincoln Allison, ‘Batsman and Bowler: The Key Relation of Victorian England’, Journal of Sports History 7, no. 2 (1980): 5–20.

67. Jonathan Zeitlin, ‘Craft Control and the Division of Labour: Engineers and Compositors in Britain 1890–1930’, Cambridge Journal of Economics 3 (Sept. 1979), 263; Eric Hobsbawm, ‘The Machine Breakers’, in Labouring Men: Studies in the History of Labour (London, 1964), 5–22; John Rule, ‘The Formative Years of British Trade Unionism: An Overview’, in British Trade Unionism 17501850, ed. John Rule (London, 1988), 1–28.

68. A.W. Pullin, Talks with Old Yorkshire Cricketers, Reprinted from the Yorkshire Evening Post (Leeds, 1898), 15.

69. W.F. Mandle, ‘The Professional Cricketer in the Nineteenth Century’, Labour History 23 (1972): 1–16.

70. Thomas, Yorkshire Cricketers 18391939, 58.

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