Gender and British Climbing Histories: Introduction

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Notes

1. Hugh Dan MacLenna, ‘The Ben Race: The Supreme Test of Athletic Fitness’, The Sports Historian 18, no. 2 (1998): 131–47. See also Westaway, this issue.

2. Peter H. Hansen, ‘Albert Smith, the Alpine Club, and the Invention of Mountaineering in Mid-Victorian Britain’, Journal of British Studies 34 (1995): 300–24; Yann Drouet, ‘The “CAF” at the Borders: Geopolitical and Military Stakes in the Creation of the French Alpine Club’, International Journal of the History of Sport 22, no. 1 (2005): 59–69; Zac Robinson and Jay Scherer, ‘How Steep is Steep?’ The Struggle for Mountaineering in the Canadian Rockies, 1948–65’, International Journal of the History of Sport 26, no. 5 (2009): 594–620; Zac Robinson, ‘Off the Beaten Path? Ski Mountaineering and the Weight of Tradition in the Canadian Rockies, 1909–1940’, International Journal of the History of Sport 24, no. 10 (2007): 1320–1343; Michael Meadows, ‘Reinventing the Heights: The Origins of Rockclimbing Culture in Australia’, Continuum: Journal of Media & Cultural Studies 27, no. 3 (2013): 329–46.

3. Ben Anderson, ‘The Construction of an Alpine Landscape: Building, Representing and Affecting the Eastern Alps, c.1885–1914’, Journal of Cultural Geography 29, no. 2 (2012): 1–29; Paul Gilchrist, ‘Beyond the Brink: Beachy Head as a Climbing Landscape’, International Journal of the History of Sport 29, no.10 (2012): 1,383–404; Kerwin Klein, ‘Into the Steep: The Eastern Alps and the Culture of Modern Alpinism, 1880–1939’, Sinnhaft 21 (2008): 54–69; Kerwin Lee Klein, ‘A Vertical World: The Eastern Alps and Modern Mountaineering’, Journal of Historical Sociology 24, no. 4 (2011): 519–48; Jonathan Westaway, ‘The German Community in Manchester, Middle-class Culture and the Development of Mountaineering in Britain, c.1850–1914’, The English Historical Review CXXIV, no. 508 (2009): 571–604; Jonathan Westaway, ‘The Origins and Development of Mountaineering and Rock Climbing Tourism in the Lake District, c.1800–1914’, in The Making of a Cultural Landscape: The English Lake District as Tourist Destination, 1750–2010, eds John K. Walton and Jason Woods (London: Ashgate, 2013), forthcoming.

4. Peter H. Hansen, ‘Vertical Boundaries, National Identities: Victorian Mountaineering on the Frontiers of Europe and the Empire, 1868–1914’, Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History 24 (1996): 48–71; Harald Höbusch, ‘Germany's “Mountain of Destiny”: Nanga Parbat and National Self-representation’, International Journal of the History of Sport 19, no. 4 (2002): 137–68; Harald Höbusch, ‘Ideologizing Nanga Parbat: High-altitude Mountaineering and German Nationalism in the 1930s’, Sport in History 23, no. 1 (2003): 64–88; Harald Höbusch, ‘Narrating Nanga Parbat: German Himalaya Expeditions and the Fictional (Re-)construction of National Identity’, Sporting Traditions 20, no. 1 (2003): 17–42; Harald Höbusch, ‘Ascent into Darkness: German Himalaya Expeditions and the National Socialist Quest for High-altitude Flight’, International Journal of the History of Sport 24, no. 4 (2007): 520–40; Stuart Horsman, ‘Michael Romm's Ascent of Mount Stalin: A Soviet Landscape?’, Europe-Asia Studies 61, no. 7 (2009): 1151–66; Gordon T. Stewart, ‘The British Reaction to the Conquest of Everest’, Journal of Sport History 7, no. 1 (1980): 21–39.

5. Gordon T. Stewart, ‘Tenzing's Two Wrist-watches: The Conquest of Everest and the Imperial Culture in Britain 1921–1953’, Past & Present 149 (1995): 170–97; Gordon T. Stewart, ‘Reply: Tenzing's Two Wrist-watches: The Conquest of Everest and the Imperial Culture in Britain 1921–1953’, Past & Present 157 (1997): 178–90. Peter H. Hansen, ‘Debate: Tenzing's Two Wrist-watches: The Conquest of Everest and the Imperial Culture in Britain 1921–1953’, Past & Present 157 (1997): 159–77; Lee Davidson ‘The ‘Spirit of the Hills: Mountaineering in Northwest Otago, New Zealand, 1882–1940’, Tourism Geographies 4, no. 1 (2002): 44–61; Chris Williams ‘“That Boundless Ocean of Mountains”: British Alpinists and the Appeal of the Canadian Rockies, 1885–1920’, International Journal of the History of Sport 22, no. 1 (2005): 70–87; Peter Bayers, Imperial Ascent: Mountaineering, Masculinity, and Empire (Boulder, CO: University Press of Colorado, 2003).

6. Douglas A. Brown, ‘The Modern Romance of Mountaineering: Photography, Aesthetics and Embodiment’, International Journal of the History of Sport 24, no. 1 (2007): 1–34; Reuben Ellis, Vertical Margins: Mountaineering and the Landscapes of Neoimperialism (Madison, WI: The University of Wisconsin Press, 2001); Paul Gilchrist, ‘Reality TV on the Rock Face – Climbing the Old Man of Hoy’, Sport in History 27, no. 1 (2007): 44–63; Ian Heywood, ‘Climbing Monsters: Excess and Restraint in Contemporary Rock Climbing’, Leisure Studies 25, no. 4 (2006): 455–67.

7. Sherry B. Ortner, Life and Death on Mt Everest: Sherpas and Himalayan Mountaineering (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1999); Peter H. Hansen, ‘Partners: Guides and Sherpas in the Alps and Himalayas, 1850s–1950s’, in Voyages and Visions: Towards a Cultural History of Travel, eds Jas Elsner and Joan-Pau Rubies (London: Reaktion, 1999), 210–31.

8. Peter H. Hansen, ‘The Dancing Lamas of Everest: Cinema, Orientalism, and Anglo-Tibetan Relations in the 1920s’, American Historical Review 101 (1996): 712–44; Eva Maurer, ‘Cold War, “Thaw” and “Everlasting Friendship”: Soviet Mountaineers and Mount Everest, 1953–1960’, International Journal of the History of Sport 26, no. 4 (2009): 484–500.

9. Vanessa Heggie, ‘Experimental Physiology, Everest and Oxygen: From Ghastly Kitchens to the Gasping Lung’, British Journal of the History of Science 46, no. 1 (2013): 123–47; George W. Rodway, ‘Prelude to Everest: Alexander M. Kellas and the 1920 High Altitude Scientific Expedition to Kamet’, High Altitude Medicine & Biology 5, no. 3 (2004): 364–79; George W. Rodway, ‘George Ingle Finch and the Mount Everest Expedition of 1922: Breaching the 8000-m Barrier’, High Altitude Medicine & Biology 8, no. 1 (2007): 68–76; Harriet Tuckey, Everest – The First Ascent: The Untold Story of Griffith Pugh, the Man Who Made it Possible (London: Random House, 2013); Westaway, this issue.

10. Wade Davis, Into the Silence: The Great War, Mallory and the Conquest of Everest (London: The Bodley Head, 2011).

11. Ann C. Colley, Victorians in the Mountains: Sinking the Sublime (Farnham: Ashgate, 2010), 47.

12. Ann C. Colley, Victorians in the Mountains: Sinking the Sublime (Farnham: Ashgate, 2010), 123.

13. Jim Ring, How the English Made the Alps (London: Faber and Faber Ltd., 2011), 9.

14. Peter H. Hansen, The Summits of Modern Man: Mountaineering After the Enlightenment (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2013).

15. Cited in Joseph Taylor, Pilgrims of the Vertical: Yosemite Rock Climbers & Nature at Risk (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2010), 3.

16. Elaine Freedgood, Victorian Writing About Risk (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000); Ellis, Vertical Margins; Karen M. Morin, Robyn Longhurst and Lynda Johnston, ‘(Troubling) Spaces of Mountains and Men: New Zealand's Mount Cook and Hermitage Lodge’, Social & Cultural Geography 2, no. 2 (2001): 117–39; Bayers, Imperial Ascent.

17. Zac Robinson, ‘Storming the Heights: Canadian Frontier Nationalism and the Making of Manhood in the Conquest of Mount Robson, 1906–1913’, International Journal of the History of Sport 22, no. 3 (2005): 415.

18. Robert MacFarlane, Mountains of the Mind (New York: Vintage, 2003), 85.

19. Bayers, Imperial Ascent, 8.

20. Susan Schrepfer, Nature's Altars: Mountains, Gender, and American Environmentalism (Lawrence, KS: University of Kansas Press, 2005).

21. Susan Birrell, ‘Approaching Mt. Everest: On Intertextuality and the Past as Narrative’, Journal of Sport History 34, no. 1 (2007): 1–22.

22. Melanie Tebbutt, ‘Landscapes of Loss: Moorlands, Manliness and the First World War’, Landscapes 2 (2004): 114–27; Melanie Tebbutt, ‘Rambling and Manly Identity in Derbyshire's Dark Peak, 1880s–1920s’, Historical Journal 49, no. 4 (2006): 1125–53.

23. On ‘cultural types’ see R.W. Connell, Masculinities (Cambridge: Polity Press, 1995), 76–80.

24. Paul Gilchrist, ‘Heroic Leadership, Mountain Adventure and the English: John Hunt and Chris Bonington Compared’, in Heroines and Heroes: Symbolism, Embodiment, Narratives and Identity, ed. Chris Hart (Kingswinford: Midrash Publishing, 2008), 247–60.

25. Carol Osborne ‘An Extraordinary Joe: The Working class Climber as Hero’, in Sporting Heroes of the North, eds. Stephen Wagg and Dave Russell (Newcastle upon Tyne: Northumbria University Press, 2010), 48–70.

26. Jock Phillips, A Man's Country? The Image of the Pakeha Male – A History (Auckland: Penguin, 1996), 264–65; see also Peter H. Hansen, ‘Confetti of Empire: The Conquest of Everest in Nepal, India, Britain and New Zealand’, Comparative Studies in Society and History 42 (2000): 326–7.

27. See Amanda Cosgrove and Toni Bruce, ‘The Way New Zealanders Would Like to See Themselves: Reading White Masculinity Via Media Coverage of the Death of Sir Peter Blake’, Sociology of Sport Journal 22 (2005): 336–55.

28. See also Carol A. Osborne and Fiona Skillen, ‘The State of Play: Women in British Sport History’, Sport in History 30, no. 2 (2010): 189–195.

29. Susan J. Frohlick, ‘“That Playfulness of White Masculinity”: Mediating Masculinities and Adventure at Mountain Film Festivals’, Tourist Studies 5, no. 2 (2005): 179, 178.

30. June Purvis and Amanda Wetherill, ‘Playing the Gender History Game: A Reply to Penelope J. Corfield’, Rethinking History 3, no. 3 (1999): 335.

31. Carol Osborne ‘Gender and the Writing of British Climbing History, c.1857–1953’, paper presented to the British Society of Sports History annual conference, University of Glasgow, 7 September 2012.

32. For studies of the commercial dimensions of climbing, see Barbara R. Johnston and Ted Edwards, ‘The Commodification of Mountaineering’, Annals of Tourism Research 21, no.3 (1994): 459–78; Catherine Palmer, ‘“Shit Happens”: The Selling of Risk in Extreme Sport’, The Australian Journal of Anthropology 13, no. 3 (2002): 323–336. Elizabeth Rosen, ‘Somalis Don't Climb Mountains: The Commercialization of Mournt Everest’, The Journal of Popular Culture 41, no. 1 (2007): 147–68.

33. Douglas Booth, ‘Sites of Truth or Metaphors of Power? Refiguring the Archive’, Sport in History 26, no. 1 (2006): 91–109; Martin Johnes, ‘Archives, Truths and the Historian at Work: A Reply to Douglas Booth's “Refiguring the Archive”’, Sport in History 27, no. 1 (2007): 127–35.