108
Views
1
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Articles

The interweaving of sacred and secular: metaphysics, reform and enlightenment in the rivalry between Dom Deschamps and Claude Yvon, 1769–1774

 

ABSTRACT

The Benedictine Dom Léger-Marie Deschamps and the philosophical Abbé Claude Yvon may indeed be minor eighteenth-century figures, and they both may be considered to have emerged from the Catholic side of something Helena Rosenblatt has dubbed the Christian Enlightenment, but neither of these figures is neatly “conservative” (as Mark Curran defines it), nor are they fully “radical” (in the sense of having contributed to the Radical Enlightenment). Rather, Deschamps and Yvon are among a number of eighteenth-century figures who do not fit neatly into the expected parameters of Catholic, Christian, Religious or Radical Enlightenment. This article argues that the entanglement of both heterodoxy and orthodoxy, and of sociopolitical progressivism and conservatism, is characteristic of Yvon’s and Deschamps’s particular engagement with what Vincenzo Ferrone describes as the cultural revolution of the eighteenth century. This study of these under-examined Catholic scholars further suggests that conventional and tidy scholarly narratives of the history of Enlightenment should be further problematized.

Acknowledgements

I would like to thank the Argenson family for granting me access to their papers, the “Fonds d’Argenson”, housed with the Fonds Anciens, Bibliothèque Universitaire de Poîtiers: Artes et Lettres. I additionally wish to express my gratitude to the kind and exceedingly helpful curator and staff of the rare books and special collections of the Bibliothèque Universitaire for the assistance and hospitality they offered during my visit in June 2013.

Notes on contributor

Jeffrey D. Burson is Associate Professor of French History at Georgia Southern University. He is the author or editor of several books including The Rise and Fall of Theological Enlightenment: Jean-Martin de Prades and Ideological Polarization in Eighteenth-Century France (University of Notre Dame Press, 2010), and The Culture of Enlightening: Abbé Claude Yvon and the Entangled Emergence of the Enlightenment (University of Notre Dame Press, 2019).

Notes

1 Sorkin, Religious Enlightenment, 6.

2 On Protestant Enlightenments, see Trevor-Roper, De la Réforme aux Lumières; Pocock, Barbarism and Religion, vol. 1, 9; Porter, Creation of the Modern World; Bradley, “Religious Origins of Radical Politics”. On Jewish Enlightenment, see Sutcliffe, Judaism and the Enlightenment; Feiner, Jewish Enlightenment. On Orthodox Enlightenment, see Wolff, Enlightenment in the Orthodox World; Kitromilides, Enlightenment and Religion.

3 Lehner, Catholic Enlightenment, 7.

4 Rosenblatt, “Christian Enlightenment”; Curran, Atheism, Religion, and the Enlightenment.

5 Curran, Atheism, Religion, and the Enlightenment.

6 Ibid.

7 Jacob, Radical Enlightenment.

8 Israel, Enlightenment Contested; Israel, Radical Enlightenment; Israel, A Revolution of the Mind.

9 Israel, “‘Radical Enlightenment’”; Israel, Democratic Enlightenment; Israel, Revolutionary Ideas.

10 Jacob, “Radical Enlightenment”, 48.

11 Mulsow, Enlightenment Underground.

12 Ducheyne, “Radical Enlightenment”. For Mulsow, see especially ibid., 4.

13 Van Kley, “Palmer's Catholics and Unbelievers”; Van Kley, “Jansenism”. See also Burson, “Enlightenment Catholicism”.

14 Burson, Rise and Fall of Theological Enlightenment.

15 Chisick, “Of Radical and Moderate Enlightenment”; Levine, “Spinoza the Radical”; Lord, “Spinoza on Natural Inequality”; Wunderlich, “Materialism at the University Göttingen”, 61–79, 107–26, 127–42, 240–58.

16 Burson, “Reflections on the Pluralization of Enlightenment”; Burson, “Entangled History”; Bulman, “Introduction”, 8; Matytsin, Specter of Skepticism; Coleman, Virtues of Abandon, 12; Sheehan, “Hobbes”; Gregory, “Reformation Origins”, 205–6; Gregory, Unintended Reformation; Thomson, Bodies of Thought, 135–248; Thomson, L’âme des Lumières. On religious contingencies bearing upon the origins of the Radical Enlightenment, see Jacob, “How Radical Was the Enlightenment?”, 111.

17 Ferrone, The Enlightenment.

18 Edelstein, The Enlightenment.

19 Thomson, “Qu’est-ce qu’un manuscrit clandestine?”, 275; Burson, “Polyvalence of Heterodox Sources”; Jacob, “Enlightenment Critique of Christianity”.

20 Burson, Culture of Enlightening. For studies of Deschamps, see Beaussire, Antécédents de l’Hégélianisme, 184–210.

21 Platon, “'Touchstones of Truth’”, 166–285.

22 On the provocative but highly controversial connection between philosophical radicalism (specifically materialistic monism and pantheism) and political revolution, see Israel, Revolutionary Ideas; Israel, Democratic Enlightenment. For a recent work that further underscores the political conservatism of Spinoza, see Kors, Naturalism and Unbelief in France.

23 Shore, “Can We See Ideas?”, 202. See also Caine, Biography and History, 1–7, 122.

24 In addition to my own work, see Davis, “The Radical Enlightenment”, 293: “Most philosophers blended radical, moderate, and conservative ideologies in their texts”.

25 Hareau, Histoire littéraire du Maine, vol. 10, 212.

26 M. de Prades, prêtre, 24 December 1751, in Archives National de France, AB/XIX/3192 dossier 7.

27 Burson, Rise and Fall of Theological Enlightenment, 136–275. For more details on Yvon's literary activities while in exile, see Burson, Culture of Enlightening, ch. 8.

28 [Yvon], “Aristotélisme”, 668; Proust, Diderot et l’Encyclopédie, 157. Although “Aristotélisme” is unsigned, its author identifies himself as the author of “Âme”, a work known to have been entirely from Abbé Yvon (with the exception of the passages identifiable as belonging to Diderot by the insertion of the asterisk (*)). Guillaume-François Berthier accused Yvon of plagiarizing substantial portions of Boureau-Deslandes’ Histoire critique de la philosophe (1737) and Jacob Brücker's Historia critica philosophiae (1742–1744) in the writing of “Aristotéliansme”. In fact, Berthier's accusation is exaggerated; irrespective of the fact that creatively deployed abridgment was typical of many contributions to the Encyclopédie, Yvon was far more inclined than Brücker to distinguish the errors of Aristotle, himself, from those erroneously attributed to him by subsequent ages. Moreover, Yvon's concluding remarks about the importance of freedom of thought are not found in Brücker; see Mémoires de Trévoux (January and March 1752), 186–87, 431; Goyard-Fabre, “Diderot et l’Affaire de l’Abbé de Prades”, 292; Proust, Diderot et l’Encyclopédie, 159, n180. See also Brücker, Historia critica philosophiae, Part II, Bk 2, ch. 7, 776–838. Lastly, see [Yvon], “Aristotélisme”, 672: “Tous les philosophes devroient avoir dans l’esprit que leur philosophie ne doit point être opposée à la religion; toute leur raison doit s’y briser, parce que c’est un edifice appuyé sur l’immuable vérité”.

29 [Yvon], “Aristotélisme”, 670.

30 Ibid., 672.

31 Ibid., 664.

32 [Yvon], “Censure de livres ou de propositions”, 820.

33 Buffier, Traité des premières vérités, I.i.9, 7: “La révélation divine et l’autorité humaine ne font aucune impression sur nous, que par le témoignage des sens”. See also ibid., I.i.11, 8; I.ii.17, 10; I.iv.29, 14; I.v.33, 15; I.v.41–45, 18–19. Buffier acknowledges his debt to John Locke in his “Remarques sur la métaphysique de M. Locke”, appended to the 1725 edition of Traité des premières vérités; see Boullier, introduction to Buffier, Oeuvres philosophiques de P. Buffier, 131.

34 Samuel Formey had sold 1800 folios to Diderot and D’Alembert for 300 Livres by 1749, with only the stipulation that he be given credit for the material – something D’Alembert dutifully fulfilled in the Discours Préliminaire to the Encyclopédie. In total (including but not at all limited to the articles in which Yvon made use of the Formey manuscripts), some 81 articles are partially or entirely derived from Samuel Formey. Regrettably, the original Formey manuscripts purchased by the editors of the Encyclopédie are lost, most likely incinerated during the siege of Berlin that ended the Second World War; see Marcu, “Un Encyclopédiste oublié: Formey”, 298–99. A list of articles taken wholly or in part from the papers of Formey is published in Marcu, “Un Encyclopédiste oublié: Formey”, 302–5, and this list demonstrates that, in addition to those of Yvon, numerous unsigned articles – as well as articles composed by Abbé Mallet and Jean le Rond d’Alembert himself – were adapted partially or completely from Formey. See also Häseler, “Formey, Pasteur Huguenot”.

35 [Yvon], “Axiome”, 906–8.

36 Yvon, “Association”, 772.

37 [Yvon], “Axiome”, 908; [Yvon], “Agir”, 175.

38 For further development of this point, see Parts II and III of Burson, Culture of Enlightening.

39 Feller, Supplément au Dictionnaire historique, vol. 4, 520; Davoust, “Yvon”, 91 n46.

40 Nouvelles ecclésiastiques, 27 March 1778, 52; Luneau de Boisjermain, Mémoire et consultation, 1–22; Masseau, Ennemis des philosophes, 25, 162–63, 163 n1–2.

41 Yvon, Abrégé de l’histoire de l’église, vol. 1, cccxiv.

42 Ibid., vol. 1, cccxi–cccxii.

43 Ibid., vol. 1, cccxvii.

44 Ibid., vol. 1, cccxvi: “C’est l’Evangile qui a appris aux hommes à se servir de leur raison pour former un corps de Religion naturelle”.

45 Ibid., vol. 1, lix.

46 Ibid., vol. 1, lxvii.

47 Ibid., vol. 1, xxxi–xxxiii: “De frères qu’ils avoient été, ils devinrent étrangers les uns aux autres”. See also ibid., vol. 1, lxxxii. Yvon would republish this history of religious and social degeneration after the flood as a critique of Boulanger's work, Despotisme oriental; see Yvon, Histoire de la religion, vol. 2, 418–47. Against Boulanger, whom Yvon accuses of ascribing the origins of all political societies and religion to the aftermath of the Biblical deluge, Yvon instead asserts that historical evidence forces one to conclude that humanity has always been “independamment gouvernés par deux pouvoirs, l’un politique et l’autre religieux”; see Yvon, Histoire de la religion, vol. 2, 446.

48 Yvon, Abrégé de l’histoire de l’église, vol. 1, cvi–cvii.

49 Ibid.

50 Ibid., vol. 1, cvii–cviii. For more detail concerning the intellectual genealogy of the disputes in which Yvon participated concerning whether “pristine theology” or natural religion is monotheistic or polytheistic, see Burson, Culture of Enlightening, ch. 10; Stroumsa, New Science, 46–48, 87–88; Seguin, “Clandestine Philosophical Literature”; Burson, “Bergier”; Langlois, “Démographie celeste”; Masseau, Ennemis des philosophes, 237–73; Donato, “Le Nouveau Monde”; Kors, D’Holbach's Coterie, 114–17; Manuel, The Eighteenth Century Confronts the Gods, 26–31, 44–55, 62–63, 132; Hazard, La crise de la conscience européene, 90–109; Cottret, Le Christ des lumières, 57, 75–76; Burson, Rise and Fall of Theological Enlightenment, 64–67.

51 Yvon, Abrégé de l’histoire de l’eglise, vol. 1, xxx.

52 Yvon, Lettres à Rousseau.

53 Grimm, Diderot, and Raynal, Correspondence littéraire, philosophique, et critique, vol. 5, 393. Yvon deploys the fourth book of Rousseau's Émile against Hume's History of Natural Religion in Yvon, “Réflexions sur la Religion primitive”, in Abrégé de l’histoire de l’église, vol. 1, lxxv. See also Kafker and Kafker, Encyclopedists as Individuals, 404–5.

54 [Yvon], “Avertissant de l’auteur, ou Post-Scriptum”, in Discours généraux, vol. 1, 1–9.

55 Lettre 376, Thibault de Longecourt to marquis de Voyer, [June 1770], in Deschamps, Correspondance générale, 393–94. See also Davoust, “Yvon”, 94, 94 n56. For genealogical details about the properties and genealogy of the Argenson family, see Martin, Histoire et généalogie, 8–9, 89–92.

56 Davoust, “Yvon”, 94, 94 n57. On Yvon's association with the Prades Affair, see Lettre 470, Du Luc au marquis de Voyer, Paris, 26 May 1771, in Deschamps, Correspondance générale, 480. For a detailed discussion, see Burson, Rise and Fall of Theological Enlightenment, 149–274; Burson, Culture of Enlightening, ch. 13.

57 Lettre 4, [to marquis de Voyer], Ormes, [October 1771 ], in Correspondence, Marc-René, marquis De Voyer, Lettres et pieces classes dans l’ordre alphabétique des signataires ou des personnes concernées: Séries P. 172: Yvon (abbé Claude), Fonds d’Argenson, Bibliothèque Universitaire de Poîtiers (hereafter cited “Fonds d’Argenson, BU-Poîtiers, P. 172”); Lettre 5, to marquis de Voyer, Ormes, 10 September 1771, Fonds d’Argenson, BU-Poîtiers, P. 172.

58 This study has benefited greatly from the recent and erudite analysis of Dom Deschamps's circle and his philosophy in Platon, “‘Touchstones of Truth’”, 166–285. See also Delhaume, “Introduction”, in Deschamps, Correspondance générale, 18.

59 Platon, “'Touchstones of Truth’”, 166–73; Delhaume, “Introduction”, in Deschamps, Correspondance générale, 18.

60 For the Bishop of Poitiers’s assessment of the occupants of Deschamps's priory, see Platon, “'Touchstones of Truth’”, 186–87 n531.

61 Delhaume, “Introduction”, in Deschamps, Correspondance générale, 21.

62 Platon, “‘Touchstones of Truth’”, 173.

63 Ibid., 190–91.

64 Ibid., 168–70; Beaussire, Antécédents de l’Hégélianisme, 184–210.

65 Platon, “'Touchstones of Truth’”, 168; Deschamps, Observations métaphysiques; Deschamps, Le Vrai Système.

66 Delhaume, “Introduction”, in Deschamps, Correspondance générale, 26–28.

67 ibid.

68 D’Hondt, Dom Deschamps, 13–14.

69 Delhaume, “Introduction”, in Deschamps, Correspondance générale. 29–31; Robinet and Bastien, Dom Deschamps, 296–97, 309–31, especially at 317.

70 Platon, “‘Touchstones of Truth’”, 231. The most recent, concise and clear summary of the system of Deschamps in English-language scholarship is found in ibid., 223–85. My summary here and throughout is greatly indebted to it.

71 Delhaume, “Introduction”, in Deschamps, Correspondance générale, 32–33; Platon, “‘Touchstones of Truth’”, 232.

72 Deschamps, Le Vrai Système, 109–98. For this summary of Deschamps's three-stage theory of history, see Platon, “'Touchstones of Truth’”, 233–35.

73 For the two paragraphs preceding this note, see D’Hondt, Dom Deschamps, 14–15; Platon, “‘Touchstones of Truth’”, 236, 255, 260, 270–74.

74 Yvon, “Manichéïsme”, 25–26. Two of Yvon's principal sources for Leibnizian optimism are the “Preliminary Dissertation on the Conformity of Faith and Reason” and Part II of Theodicy; see Leibniz, Theodicy, 73–122, sect. 34–35, 93–94, sect. 43–46, 99; Leibniz, Theodicy, 123–389, Part II, sect. 130.xv, 201–2, Part II, sect. 134.xix, 205–7, Part III, sect. 158–60, 222–23.

75 Yvon, “Manichéïsme”, 27–28: “Quand même la révélation ne m’apprendroit pas déjà qu’il y a des intelligences créés, aussi différentes entre elles, par leur nature, qu’elles le sont de moi, ma raison ne me donduiroit-elle pas à croire que la region des substances pensantes est, peut-être aussi variée dans ses espèces, que la matière l’est dans ses parties? […] Je voudrois croire que tous ces sprits sont enchaînés dans la même sphere de perfection. Or, dès que je puis et que je dois supposer des esprits d’un autre ordre que n’est le mien, me voilà conduit à des nouvelles conséquences, me voilà forcé de reconnoître qu’il peut y avoir, qu’il y a même beaucoup plus de bien moral que de mal moral dans l’univers”.

76 Ibid., 30: “Il est vrai qu’un monde où il n’y auroit eu que des intelligences, étoit possible, de même qu’un monde où il’y auroit eu que des êtres corporels. Un troisième monde, où les corps existant avec les esprits, ces substances diverses auroient été sans rapport entre elles, étoit également possible. […] Un monde où il n’y auroit eu que des esprits, auroit été trop simple, trop uniforme. La sagesse doit varier davantage ses ouvrages: multiplier uniquement la même chose, quelque noble qu’elle puisse être, ce seroit un superfluité. Avoir mille Virgiles bien relies dans sa bibliothèque, chanter toujours les mêmes airs d’un opera […] appelleroit-on cela raison?”

77 Burson, “Vitalistic Materialism”.

78 Yvon, “Bon”, 218: “On pourroit étendre cette réflexion jusqu’au mélange de vertus et de vices, dont nous sommes ici bas le spectacle et les spectateurs tout à la fois. Un monde d’où seroient bannis tous les vices, ne seroit certainement pas si parfait qu’un monde qui les admet. La vertu prise en elle-même, est sans doute preferable au vice, de même que l’esprit est par sa nature plus noble que le corps: mais quand on considère les choses par rapport au grand tout, dont ils sont partie, on s’apperçoit aisement que pour une plus grande perfection, il étoit nécessaire qu’il y eût des imperfections dans le monde physique et dans le monde moral. […] Dieu seul connoît toute la bonté qu’il a mise dans ses ouvrages, parce qu’il est lui seul capable de connoître parfaitement la justesse qui brille dans ses ouvrages, le rapport mutuel qui se trouve entr’eux, l’harmonie qui fait d’eux un tout réguliere et sagement ordonné, en un met l’ordre établi pour les conserver”.

79 Yvon, “Manichéïsme”, 30.

80 Robinet and Bastien, Dom Deschamps, 88, 261; Lettre 788, L’Abbé Yvon to marquis De Voyer, Paris, 10 August 1773, in Deschamps, Correspondance générale, 777.

81 Lettre 788, L’Abbé Yvon to marquis De Voyer, Paris, 10 August 1773, in Deschamps, Correspondance générale, 777; Lettre 5, to marquis de Voyer, Ormes, 10 September 1771, Fonds d’Argenson, BU-Poîtiers, P. 172.

82 Platon, “‘Touchstones of Truth’”, 179–81.

83 Robinet and Bastien, Dom Deschamps, 261.

84 Platon, “‘Touchstones of Truth’”, 166, 175, 211–15, 246.

85 Ibid., 215.

86 “L’après-souper du 7e-8bre 1772 entre Mde. La Marquise de V[oyer], l’Abbé Y[von] et Dom[ Deschamps]”, “Manuscrits D.D. [Dom Deschamps/Varia] 183 autographes de dom Deschamps”, Fonds d’Argenson, BU-Poîtiers, P. 173. For the importance of salonnières in the republic of letters, see Goodman, Republic of Letters.

87 Ibid.: “Mde. De La Marquise: Bon soir, et sans rancour contre ce pauvre Abbé qui n’en fait pas d’advantage”.

88 Ibid.: “Mde La Marquise: Assurément, Mr. L’abbé, et si jamais il me prenoit fantasie de me donner un Métaphisicien, vous seriés mon homme […] Courage, Mr. l’Abbé; il commence à prendre de l’hummeur; c’est une preuve qu’il a tort”.

89 Ibid.

90 Ibid.: “Vous dittes cela, parceque Scot n’a pas poussé sa chimère jusqu’à L’existence DU RIEN, come vous L’avés fait”. All translations are my own.

91 Ibid.: “Mr. L’Abbé: […] Il pretend que le RIEN est TOUT; qu’il est L’infinité, l’éternité, l’immensité et qu’il existe réellement”.

92 Ibid.: “Dom D.: Vous vous méprenés encore, Mr. L’Abbé; je dis si parce que LE RIEN ou le néant, existe réellement, qu’il est la negation selon moi, de l’existence réelle ou sensible”.

93 Ibid.: “Mr. Abbé: Il n’existe donc pas s’il n’existe point réellement?”

94 Ibid.: “Mr. L’Abbé: Chacun a sa philosophie; la mienne est celle de tout le monde, et la vôtre qui prétend donner l’évidence première est vaincre radicalement s’ignorance des hommes, n’est celle de personne. J’ai tous les philosophes pour moi contre vous”.

95 Ibid.

96 Ibid: “Mde. La Marquise: Pour vous, Mr. L’Abbé? Mais vous ne pensés pas comme eux? [ … ] Mr. L’Abbé: Si j’y crois? Oui certainement et avec tout le monde. Je suis bon croissant, Madame, Quoi-que je ne pense pas comme La Sorbonne, et je fais un livre qui le prouvera. Dom D. a une façon de penser tres neuve, tres ingénieuse, et pleine de Logique. Mais elle détruit point ceque je pense. […] Il le défie de les détruire”.

97 Ibid.: “C’est qu’une Métaphysicien ne se depart jamais du sistème qu’il a embrassé une fois”.

98 Lettre 36, marquis de Voyer, Paris, 10 August 1773, in ibid., p. 172.

99 Lettre 14, marquis de Voyer, Ormes, 12 January 1772, in ibid.

100 McMahon, Enemies of the Enlightenment, 22–28; Masseau, Ennemis des philosophes, 23–26, 160–70.

101 Lettre 552, L’abbé Yvon to marquis De Voyer, Ormes, 1 December 1771, in Deschamps, Correspondance générale, 552: “J’embrasse volontiers l’idée du tableau historique et philosophique que vous me proposez, et je n’attends que votre presence pour apprendre de vous le plan suivant lequel vous souhaitez que je l’exécute”. See also Lettre 14, to marquis De Voyer, Ormes, 12 January 1772, in Fonds d’Argenson, BU-Poitiers, P. 172.

102 Lettre 792, Deschamps to marquis de Voyer, Montreuil-Bellay, 20 August 1773, in Deschamps, Correspondance générale, 782; Lettre 793, Deschamps to marquis De Voyer, Montreuil-Bellay, 27 August 1773, in ibid., 783.

103 Lettre 799, L’Abbé Yvon to marquis De Voyer, Paris, 2 October 1773, in Deschamps, Correspondance générale, 787: “C’est le dernier cri que je pousserai pour réclamer auprès de vous la faveur, que vous accordez à tant de gens qui ne la méritent pas autant que moi, de penser juste et de savoir raisonner en métaphysique. C’est mon métier, comme à vous celui de commander des armées”.

104 Lettre 41, to marquis de Voyer, Paris, 17 October 1773, in Fonds d’Argenson, BU-Poîtiers, P. 172; Lettre 42, to marquis de Voyer, Paris, 24 September 1773, in ibid.; Lettre 46, St. Maure, 13 March 1774, in ibid.

105 Lettre 515, Deschamps to marquis de Voyer, Montreuil-Bellay, 14 October 1771, in Deschamps, Correspondance générale, 513–14; Lettre 516, Deschamps to marquis de Voyer and l’abbé Yvon, [1771], in ibid., 515–16.

106 Coleman, Virtues of Abandon, 11.

107 Ferrone, The Enlightenment, vii–xiv, 155–72; Sheehan, Enlightenment Bible, xi–xii; Sheehan, “Hobbes”, 274; Hunt, Writing History in a Global Era, 83–100.

Additional information

Funding

This work was supported by the Georgia Southern University Scholarly Pursuit Award, granted by the Faculty Research Committee 2013-2014 and administered by the OSSRP at Georgia Southern University in the United States of America.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.