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Abstract
Boundaries in Eastern Africa reflect intricate compromises by colonial and post-colonial authorities to stabilize human habitation within territorial spaces. Although creatures of human contrivances, these boundaries have evolved into natural formations that delimit the external reach of power and delineate citizenships. Over the years, the instability occasioned elsewhere in Africa by border conflicts has dissipated in Eastern Africa, lending some semblance of permanence to existing boundaries. By the same token, however, boundaries are always permeable and flexible, responsive to emerging needs and priorities.
Notes
1. CitationKapil, “On the Conflict Potential.”
2. CitationBrownlie, African Boundaries; and CitationMcEwen, International Boundaries.
3. Kapil, “On the Conflict Potential,” 660.
4. CitationFanso, “Traditional and Colonial African Boundaries,” 68–9.
5. Brownlie, African Boundaries; and McEwen, International Boundaries.
6. McEwen, International Boundaries, 40.
7. McEwen, International Boundaries, 43.
8. CitationLewis, “Recent Developments in the Somali Dispute,” 18; and CitationCastagano, “Somalia–Kenya Controversy,” 165.
9. Brownlie, African Boundaries, 1003.
10. Brownlie, African Boundaries, 983; and McEwen, International Boundaries, 154–5.
11. CitationAjala, “The Nature of African Boundaries,” 177–88; CitationTouval, “Treaties, Borders, and the Partition,” 291; CitationTouval, Boundary Politics of Independent Africa.
12. Kapil, “On the Conflict Potential,” 659; CitationHerbst, “The Creation and Maintenance,” 673–92; CitationMbembe, “At the Edge of the World,” 259–84; CitationZartman, “Bordering on War,” 66–7.
13. Mbembe, “At the Edge of the World,” 260.
14. CitationHerbst, “The Creation and Maintenance,” 673.
15. CitationBoyd, “African Boundary Conflict,” 1–14; CitationAmadife and Warhola, “Africa's Political Boundaries,” 533–4.
16. CitationAjala, “The Nature of African Boundaries,” 177–88; and Amadife and Warhola, Africa's Political Boundaries, 533–54.
17. CitationGriffiths, “Permeable Boundaries in Africa,” 76.
18. CitationTouval, Somali Nationalism; Castagano, “Somalia–Kenya Controversy,” 165–88; Lewis, “Recent Developments in the Somali Dispute,” 104–12.
19. CitationDrysdale, The Somali Dispute, 17.
20. CitationMarkakis and Fukui, Ethnicity and Conflict in the Horn of Africa.
21. Touval, Boundary Politics of Independent Africa, 273–4.
22. CitationZartman, Ripe for Resolution, 115.
23. CitationLyons and Samatar, Somalia.
24. CitationDoornbos, “Somalia: Alternative Scenarios,” 93–107.
25. CitationClapham, “Boundary and Territory in the Horn,” 242–3.
26. CitationKhadiagala, “Reflections on the Ethiopia–Eritrea Border Conflict,” 39–58; CitationHenze, Eritrea's War.
27. CitationNyaba, The Politics of Liberation in South Sudan; CitationDeng, War of Visions.
28. McEwen, International Boundaries, 200.
29. CitationMayall, “The Malawi–Tanzania Boundary Dispute,” 611–28.
30. The East African, April 23, 2003
31. Agence France Presse, November 29, 2000
32. See CitationWekesa, “Old Issues and New Challenges,” in this volume, 331–40.
33. East African Standard, January 27, 2003; and Agence France Presse August 31, 2001
34. CitationMburu, “Contemporary Banditry,” 89–107; CitationMulugeta, “Promises and Challenges,” 171–84.
35. CitationKhadiagala, Protection versus Poverty.
36. CitationMburu, Bandits on the Border; CitationKhadiagala, Eastern Africa: Security and the Legacy of Fragility.
37. Mbembe, “At the Edge of the World,” 261.
38. CitationAsiwaju, “Borderlands in Africa,” 253–65; CitationHansen, Border Economy.
39. CitationGooneratne and Mosselman, “Planning Across the Borders,” 138.
40. McEwen, International Boundaries, 147.
