![Sample our Humanities journals, sign in here to start your FREE access for 14 days]({"type":"image" , "src" : "/sda/5939/TOC-Subject-Sample-2021-Humanities.jpg"})
ABSTRACT
The outbreak of the full-scale Sino-Japanese War (1937–1945) brought an end to the printing and publishing industry centered in Shanghai in the 1930s. Chongqing then emerged as a nerve center of information and opinion. Writers everywhere worked under wartime conditions of social dislocation, economic dependency, and political control. This article examines the writing and publishing of three notable pieces of work completed in wartime Chongqing, Shanghai, and southern Zhejiang, respectively. The article explores the context in which each work was written and then evaluates the broader significance of the texts with regard to a historical assessment of the Chinese intellectual experience during wartime.
Disclosure statement
No potential conflict of interest was reported by the author.
Glossary
| beiqu | = | 北曲 |
| Beiping | = | 北平 |
| Chongqing | = | 重庆 |
| Chongqing gebao lianhe ban | = | 《重庆各报联合版》 |
| Chongxiu Zhejiang tongzhi gao | = | 《重修浙江通志稿》 |
| Chongzhen | = | 崇祯 |
| Dagongbao | = | 《大公报》 |
| Daping | = | 大坪 |
| Dazhong zhoukan | = | 《大众周刊》 |
| Ding | = | 丁 |
| Fulin | = | 福临 |
| Gao Mengdan | = | 高梦旦 |
| Ganzhi | = | 干支 |
| Guangxi | = | 广西 |
| Guangzhou | = | 广州 |
| gudao | = | 孤岛 |
| Guilin | = | 桂林 |
| Guo Moruo | = | 郭沫若 |
| Hangzhou | = | 杭州 |
| Hongguang | = | 弘光 |
| Huangpu | = | 黄浦 |
| Hu Zongxian | = | 胡宗宪 |
| Jiangwan | = | 江湾 |
| Jiashen | = | 甲申 |
| Jiashen sanbai nian ji | = | 甲申三百年祭 |
| Jiashen zhi bian | = | 甲申之变 |
| Jiangnan | = | 江南 |
| Jiang Zaitang | = | 蒋宰棠 |
| Jiefang ribao | = | 《解放日报》 |
| Jiezhong deshu ji | = | 《劫中得书记》 |
| Jinhua | = | 金华 |
| Jiushanlou | = | 旧山楼 |
| Jiuzheng yizhong sixiang | = | 纠正一种思想 |
| Kaiming | = | 开明 |
| Li Zicheng | = | 李自成 |
| Lishui | = | 丽水 |
| Liu Rushi | = | 柳如是 |
| Longyou | = | 龙游 |
| Nanjing | = | 南京 |
| Nanshi | = | 南市 |
| Nantian | = | 南田 |
| Niu Jinxing | = | 牛金星 |
| Maiwangguan | = | 脉望馆 |
| Maiwangguan chaojiao ben gujin zaju | = | 《脉望馆抄校本古今杂剧》 |
| Muchen | = | 沐尘 |
| Qian | = | 钱 |
| Qian Qianyi | = | 钱谦益 |
| Qian Zeng | = | 钱曾 |
| Qiantang | = | 钱塘 |
| Qingchang | = | 清常 |
| Shanhaiguan | = | 山海关 |
| Shanghai zhoubao | = | 《上海周报》 |
| Shunzhi | = | 顺治 |
| Sichuan | = | 四川 |
| Suzhou | = | 苏州 |
| Taohua shan | = | 《桃花扇》 |
| Tianjin | = | 天津 |
| Wancheng | = | 万成 |
| wo | = | 倭 |
| Wuhan | = | 武汉 |
| Wu Sangui | = | 吴三桂 |
| Wusong | = | 吴淞 |
| Xikang | = | 西康 |
| Xinhua ribao | = | 《新华日报》 |
| Xin Shubao | = | 《新蜀报》 |
| Yan’an | = | 延安 |
| Yao Xueyin | = | 姚雪垠 |
| Yongkang | = | 永康 |
| Yu Shaosong | = | 余绍宋 |
| Yunhe | = | 云和 |
| Zhabei | = | 闸北 |
| Zhang Xuecheng | = | 章学诚 |
| Zhao Qimei | = | 赵琦美 |
| Zhejiang | = | 浙江 |
| Zheng Zhenduo | = | 郑振铎 |
| Zhongyang ribao | = | 《中央日报》 |
| Zhuji | = | 诸暨 |
Notes
1 This article draws upon the research originally presented in my previously published article “Chongqing, Shanghai, yu Zhenan.” Although the current article retains the broad organizational outline of the earlier one, it is substantively different and is not a translation of the Chinese-language article.
2 The three hundredth anniversary of Jiashen in 1944 was also the fifth jiashen since 1644 according to the gan-zhi system that used two words, one each from the ten in the gan and twelve in the zhi, to name a given year. It is a cyclical system in which any given combination of gan-zhi such as the jiashen, with jia a word taken from the gan and shen a word taken from the zhi, would appear once every sixty years.
3 Guo Moruo jinian guan, Zhongguo Guo Moruo yanjiu hui, and Sichuan Guo Moruo yanjiu xuehui, “Jiashen sanbai nian ji,” 2–44. For an earlier edition see Guo Moruo, Mingmo wangguo shi, 3–28.
4 Zheng Zhenduo, Jiezhong deshu ji.
5 Zhejiang sheng difang zhi bianzuan weiyuan hui, Chongxiu Zhejiang tongzhi gao biaodian ben.
6 There is a sizable body of scholarship, too large to enumerate, on the rise of print culture and industry in the first half of the twentieth century in China. For a discussion with an emphasis on the technological dimensions of print that powered the development of a new-style business model, see Reed, Gutenberg in Shanghai. For a discussion of the industrialization of printing and the professionalization of cultural work, see Culp, The Power of Print in Modern China.
7 Yeh, “Progressive Journalism and Shanghai’s Petty Urbanites,” especially 222–234.
8 Coble, Chinese Capitalists in Japan’s New Order.
9 Lin Mei-li, “Zhanshi de caizheng jingji,” 174–188.
10 Huang Ke-wu and Zhao Xiqiong, “Zhanshi de zhishi fenzi”; Cai Shengqi, “Zhanshi de wenyi fazhan”; and Gao Yuya, “Zhanshi de meiti yu xuanchuan.”
11 Ding Shouhe et al., Kangzhan shiqi qikan jieshao.
12 Wang, “Defining the War.”
13 Gao Yuya, “Zhanshi de meiti yu xuanchuan”; and Tang Runming and Gao Yang, Kangzhan shiqi guomin zhengfu, 90–170.
14 Chongqing kangzhan congshu bianzuan weiyuan hui, Kangzhan shiqi Chongqing, 1–13, 74–144; and Gao Yuya, “Zhanshi de meiti yu xuanchuan,” 378–381.
15 Chen Kewen, Chen Kewen riji, 1: 607–608, 615.
16 Ibid., 1: 618, 627.
17 Zhou Chun, Zhongguo kangri zhanzheng.
18 Wakeman, The Great Enterprise, 1: 225–318; and Elliott, The Manchu Way, 1–3.
19 The Manchu ruler Hung Taiji (1592–1643) declared himself Emperor of the Great Qing in 1626. He used the reign title Chongde (1636–1643) for a Qing empire that exercised control over Manchuria, eastern Mongolia, and Korea. Fulin was the first Qing emperor after the Manchu conquest of Ming China.
20 Guo Moruo jinian guan, Zhongguo Guo Moruo yanjiu hui, and Sichuan Guo Moruo yanju xuehui, “Jiashen sanbai nian ji,” 2, 24.
21 Ibid., 45.
22 Ibid., 92–96.
23 Zhongyang ribao, Chongqing edition, Mar. 24, 1944. Reprinted in Guo Moruo jinian guan, Zhongguo Guo Moruo yanjiu hui, and Sichuan Guo Moruo yanjiu xuehui, “Jiashen sanbai nian ji,” 96.
24 Yao Xueyin, “Ping ‘Jiashen sanbai nian ji,’” 238–239.
25 Henriot, “August 1937: War and the Death,” 493.
26 He Zhilin and Su Shengxiong, “Chuqi zhongyao zhanyi,” 181–184.
27 Wong, “A Chinese Baby amid the Wreckage,” 102.
28 Ristaino, The Jacquinot Safe Zone.
29 Zheng Zhenduo, Zheju sanji, 48.
30 There is an extensive list of works on the 1937–1941 “lone island” period in Shanghai during the War of Resistance. See Tao Juyin, Gudao jianwen; Yeh, Wartime Shanghai; Henriot and Yeh, In the Shadow of the Rising Sun; and Wakeman, The Shanghai Badlands.
31 Shanghai dang'an guan, Riwei Shanghai shi zhengfu, 88–95, 868–876, 989–990; and Yu Zidao, Liu Qikui, and Cao Zhenwei, Wang Jingwei guomin zhengfu, 87–90, 392–403.
32 The following paragraphs draw upon Zheng Zhenduo, preface to Jiezhong deshu ji, and 126–136, 138–141.
33 Henriot, Scythe and the City.
34 Zheng Zhenduo, Zheju sanji, 27.
35 Riwei Shanghai shi zhengfu, 604–607; and Yu Zidao, Liu Qikui, and Cao Zhenwei, Wang Jingwei guomin zhengfu, 332–337.
36 He Zhilin and Su Shengxiong, “Chuqi zhongyao zhanyi,” 184–186.
37 Yu Shaosong, “Chongxiu Zhejiang tongzhi chugao,” reprinted in Chongxiu Zhejiang tongzhi gao biaodian ben, 1: 23–99.
38 ibid., 25.
39 Yu Shaosong, “Fakan ci,” reprinted in Chongxiu Zhejiang tongzhi gao biaodian ben,1:1.
40 Yu Shaosong, “Fakan ci” in Zhejiang sheng tongahi guan, ed., Zhejiang sheng tongzhi guan guankan, Inaugural Issue, Feb. 15, 1945, 1.
41 Yu Shaosong, “Wangshu tan,” 107.
42 Schoppa, In a Sea of Bitterness, 252–258.
43 Yu Shaosong, “‘Jiang Zaitang xiansheng jinian teji’ xiaoxu,” 79.
44 Ibid.
45 Ding Shouhe, Ma Yong, Zuo Yuhe, and Liu Li, Kangzhan shiqi qikan jieshao, 612–620.
46 Zhejiang sheng difang zhi bianzuan weiyuanhui, Chongxiu Zhejiang tongzhi gao, 1:1–2.
Additional information
Notes on contributors
Wen-Hsin YEH
Wen-Hsin YEH is Richard H. and Laurie C. Morrison Chair Professor in History, University of California at Berkeley. Her research focuses on ideas, city, knowledge, and space in late Qing and Republican China. She is, most recently, the author of Minguo zhishi ren: licheng yu tupu [Republican Chinese Intellectuals: Path and Horizon] (Beijing: Sanlian shudian, 2015). Her current project is a book about the maritime domain in China’s modern history.