Exploring the reasons for the seasons using Google Earth, 3D models, and plots

ABSTRACT

Public understanding of climate and climate change is of broad societal importance. However, misconceptions regarding reasons for the seasons abound amongst students, teachers, and the public, many of whom believe that seasonality is caused by large variations in Earth’s distance from the Sun. Misconceptions may be reinforced by textbook illustrations that exaggerate eccentricity or show an inclined view of Earth’s near-circular orbit. Textbook explanations that omit multiple factors influencing seasons, that do not mesh with students’ experiences, or that are erroneous, hinder scientifically valid reasoning. Studies show that many teachers share their students’ misconceptions, and even when they understand basic concepts, teachers may fail to appreciate the range of factors contributing to seasonal change, or their relative importance. We have therefore developed a learning resource using Google Earth, a virtual globe with other useful, weather- and climate-related visualizations. A classroom test of 27 undergraduates in a public research university showed that 15 improved their test scores after the Google Earth-based laboratory class, whereas 5 disimproved. Mean correct answers rose from 4.7/10 to 6/10, giving a paired t-test value of 0.21. After using Google Earth, students are helped to segue to a heliocentric view.

KEYWORDS:

• Visualization
• geo-spatial science
• geobrowser
• earth observation
• 3-d representation

Acknowledgements

Mladen Dordevic is now at Incorporated Research Institutions for Seismology, Washington DC, USA. The Supplemental Documents accompanying this paper are available at: http://www.geode.net/RFTS_IJDE.zip.

Disclosure statement

No potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).

ORCiD

Declan G. De Paor http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3361-2826

Mladen M. Dordevic http://orcid.org/0000-0002-8672-8232

Paul Karabinos http://orcid.org/0000-0003-1611-1971

Stephen Burgin http://orcid.org/0000-0002-1064-2141

Filis Coba http://orcid.org/0000-0002-9120-613X

Steven J. Whitmeyer http://orcid.org/0000-0003-1025-391X

Notes

1 Some planetarium staff may not realize that their expensive, custom, full-dome projectors commonly have VGA and DVI ports for projecting from a computer, iPad, or Android tablet.

2 1 AU (astronomical unit) is the mean distance from Earth to the Sun.

Additional information

Funding

This work was supported by the National Science Foundation, Division of Undergraduate Education, through [grant number 1323419], and by Google Geo Curriculum Awards to De Paor and Whitmeyer.