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Articles

The vegetal landscape of the southwest of Cordoba: a sample of the natural environment of Andalusia in the Late Middle Ages

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Pages 364-384 | Received 04 Aug 2017, Accepted 23 Nov 2017, Published online: 09 Feb 2018
 

ABSTRACT

The aim of this article is to analyse the natural plant population of the southwest of Cordoba and how it was affected by human action. To achieve this goal, several archives were searched and various species of trees, bushes, and other plants that were exploited by the local communities between the thirteenth and fifteenth centuries have been identified. The article will demonstrate that these vegetal landscapes, which were characteristic of the southern regions of the Crown of Castile, were of great importance for nearby human communities.

Abbreviations: AchGr: Archivo de la Real Chancillería de Granada; AGA: Archivo General de Andalucía; AHN: Archivo Histórico Nacional; AHPCO: Archivo Histórico Provincial de Córdoba; AHV: Archivo Histórico de Viana; AMCO: Archivo Municipal de Córdoba; BCC: Biblioteca de la Catedral de Córdoba; doc.: document; ibid.: ibidem; leg.: Legajo; LAC: Libro de Acta Capitular; Lib.: libro; Mrs.: Maravedís; Ms.: manuscript; Núm.: número; Perg.: Pergamino; PNCO: Sección de Protocolos Notariales de Córdoba; s.d.: no day; s.m.: no month; s.f.: no folio; tít.: title.

Acknowledgements

I want to thank David Govantes Edwards for the translation of the manuscript.

Disclosure statement

No potential conflict of interest was reported by the author.

Notes on contributor

Javier López Rider holds a PhD in Medieval History and is currently lecturing at the Área de Historia Medieval, Departamento de Ciencias de la Antigüedad y de la Edad Media, Universidad de Córdoba. His research focuses on landscape analysis, settlement patterns, industrial technology, economic activities and material culture of the Late Middle Ages.

ORCID

Javier López Rider http://orcid.org/0000-0002-8412-921X

Notes

1 García de Cortázar, “Sociedad rural,” 257–72.

2 This was not exclusive to the Iberian Peninsula. For a recent study of European examples, see Hejcman et al., “Short-Term,” 652–63, and Malpica, “El medio natural,” 160–62.

3 Graíño Segura, “¿Historia ecológica en la Edad Media?,” 377–79. Aberth, An Environmental History. Grove and Rackham, The Nature of Mediterranean Europe, and Lagerȯs, The Ecology of Expansion.

4 See for example some sections of Colardelle, ed., L’homme et la nature; Clemente, ed., El medio natural; Pérez-Embid, La Andalucía medieval; Sabaté, coord., Natura I desenvolupament, and Martín, El paisaje rural en Andalucía Occidental. See also Martín, “El paisaje rural,” 121–50, or the conferences in Spoleto and Prato.

5 Clemente, “Los deslindes: una fuente,” 130.

6 Clément, “El concepto de transición forestal,” 42–45.

7 Escobar, “La Campiña de Córdoba,” 57–60.

8 Pino, “Poblamiento y organización social,” 43–46.

9 Naranjo, “Cultivos, aprovechamiento y sociedad,” 21–27, and López, “Evolución de los cultivos,” 9–77.

10 See Martín-Puertas et al., “Arid and Humid Phases,” 907–21.

11 López, Valle, and García, “Caza y paisajes geográficos,” 281–309.

12 The information presented in was collected from the following sources: 1432.04.18, AGA, Sección Priego, leg. 1099, fols. 220r–223v.; 1448.09.11, AGA, Sección Priego, leg. 1095, fols. 208r–248v.; 1493.12.08, AGA, Sección Priego, leg. 1110, fols. 236r–301v.; 1356.01.21, AGA, Sección Priego, leg. 1030, fols. 39r–61v.; 1479.12.08, AGA, Sección Priego, leg. 1108, fols. 26r–58r.; 1479.08.02, AGA, Sección Priego, leg. 1107, fols. 617r–621r.; 1443.05.06, AGA, Sección Priego, leg. 1114, fols. 555r–558v.; 1490.02.27, AGA, Sección Priego, leg. 1106–3, fols. 325r–350v.; 1382.05.08, AHN, Sección Nobleza, Luque, C-754, doc. 10, fol. 1v.; 1361.01.19, AHN, Sección Nobleza, Fernán Núñez, C-505, doc. 1, fols. 1–6r.; 1531.05.27, AHN, Sección Nobleza, Fernán Núñez, C-909, doc. 11, s.f.; 1409.12.24, AHN, Sección Nobleza, Fernán Núñez, C-488, doc. 3, s.f.; 1475.02.27, AHN, Sección Nobleza, Fernán Núñez, C-486, doc. 6, fols. 1r–6r.; 1475.05.18, AHN, Sección Nobleza, Luque, C-796, doc. 1–3, fols. 1r–6v.; 1516.09.20, AMCO, C-242, doc. 57, s.f.; 1514.01.16, AMCO, C-1031, doc. 2, fol. 3r.; 1514.01.31, AMCO, C-1031, doc. 3, fol. 6v.; 1492.s.m. s.d., AMCO, C-1031, doc. 5, s.f.; 1515.03.10, AMCO, C-1027, doc. 31–2, s.f.; 1515.05.21, AMCO, C-1027, doc. 31–1, s.f.; 1547.12.13, AMCO, C-1027, doc. 48, s.f.; 1491.12.13, AMCO, C-1035, fols. 29v–32r.; 1492.09.12, AMCO, C-1035, fols. 81r–82v. and fols. 83r–85r; 1492.10.01, AMCO, C-1035, fols. 92v–95r.; 1492.10.02, AMCO, C-1035, fols. 95r–97v.; 1492.12.04, AMCO, C-1035, fols. 119v–122r.; 1492.12.06, AMCO, C-1035, fols. 122r–124v.; 1493.02.11, AMCO, C-1035, fols. 133r–134r; 1493.03.29, AMCO, C-1035, fols. 137v–139r.; 1494.02.20, AMCO, C-1035, fols. 169v–171v.; 1494.03.18, AMCO, C-1035, fols. 174r–179r.; 1494.04.18, AMCO, C-1035, fols. 179r–181v.; 1494.12.05, AMCO, C-1035, fols. 226r–229v.; 1492.07.15/1520.10.16/1520.10.18, AMCO, C-1037, doc. 28, fols. 27r–39r. and fols. 116r–126r; 1241.03.10, AMCO, C-1016, doc. 2, fol. 12r.; 1496.03.18, AMCO, C-1017, doc. 30.1, s.f.; 1545.s.m. s.d., AMCO, C-1020, doc. 57, s.f.; 1508.02.27, AMCO, C-1021, doc. 65, s.f.; 1531.02.06, AMCO, C-1021, doc. 67, s.f.; 1492.08.12/1531.05.27/1535.12.10, AMCO, C-1023, doc. 79.2, s.f.; 1513.10.30, AMCO, C-256, doc. 2, s.f.; 1547.10.20, AMCO, C-256, doc. 3, s.f.; 1513.10.23, AMCO, C-256, doc. 4, s.f.; 1512.06.18, AMCO, C-256, doc. 5, s.f.; 1493.04. s.d., AMCO, C-256, doc. 8, s.f.; 1493.02.12, AMCO, C-256, doc. 10, s.f.; 1492.12.07, AMCO, C-258, doc. 3, s.f.; 1492.01.13, AMCO, C-257, doc. 5, s.f.; 1506.09.28, AMCO, LAC 14, s.f.; 1479.12.08, AHPCO, PNCO, 14119P, 2, fol. 1r.; 1426.10.08, AHV, L-397, E0004, Perg., fol. 1r.; 1467.05.22, AHV, C0024, E0002-2, Perg., fol. 1r.; 1480.10.20, AHV, C0024, E0002-4, Perg., s.f.; 1503.03.11, AchGr, leg. 951, núm. 3, s.f.; 1495.02.27/1496.04.13, AchGr, leg. 1615, núm. 8, s.f.; 1549. s.m. s.d, AchGr, leg. 243, núm. 6, fols. 1r-32v.; 1551.04.28, AchGr, leg. 725, núm. 6, s.f.; 1525.01.28, AchGr, leg. 952, núm. 1, fols. 24v–30r. and 1352.11.10/1488.04.24, AchGr, leg. 535, núm. 3, fols. 12r–v.

13 1241.03.10, AMCO, C-1016, doc. 2, fol. 12r.

14 BCC, ms. 125, fols. 66r–67r. and Nieto, CMC, II, n. 688, 141–42.

15 1361.01.19, AHN, Sección Nobleza, Fernán Núñez, C-505, doc. 1, fols. 1–6r.

16 1352.11.10, AchGr, leg. 535, núm. 3, fols. 12r–v.

17 González, “Repartimiento de Vejer de la Frontera,” 293–95.

18 1352.11.10, AchGr, leg. 535, núm. 3, fols. 12r–v. and 1491.12.13, AMCO, C-1035, fols. 29v–32r.

19 López, “La producción del carbón,” 833–35.

20 Pascual, “El paisaje histórico,” 129.

21 BCC, ms. 125, fols. 66r–67r. and Nieto, CMC, II, n. 688, 141–42.

22 Rodríguez, “Monte y cultivos,” 182, and López, Valle and García, “Caza y paisajes geográficos,” 297.

23 1547.10.20, AMCO, C-256, doc. 3, s.f.

24 1547.10.20, AMCO, C-256, doc. 3, s.f., and 1494.02.20, AMCO, C-1035, fols. 169v–171v.

25 1514.01.16, AMCO, C-1031, doc. 2, fol. 4v. and 1494.02.20, AMCO, C-1035, fols. 169v–171v.

26 1488.04.24, AchGr, leg. 535, núm. 3, fols. 1r–330v.

27 Quesada, El paisaje rural, 70.

28 1515.03.10, AMCO, C-1027, doc. 31.2, s.f.

29 1503.03.11, AchGr, leg. 951, núm. 3, s.f.

30 1488.04.24, AchGr, leg. 535, núm. 3, fols. 1r–330v.

31 1514.01.16, AMCO, C-1031, doc. 2, fol. 7v.

32 1514.01.16, AMCO, C-1031, doc. 2, fol. 11v.

33 1514.01.31, AMCO, C-1031, doc. 3, fol. 6v.

34 1508.02.27, AMCO, C-1021, doc. 65, s.f.

35 1547.10.20, AMCO, C-256, doc. 3, s.f.

36 1493.04.s.d., AMCO, C-256, doc. 8, s.f.

37 1382.05.08, AHN, Sección Nobleza, Luque, C-754, doc. 10, fol. 1v.

38 1492.09.12, AMCO, C-1035, fols. 81r-\–82v.

39 1515.03.10, AMCO, C-1027, doc. 31.2, s.f.

40 1517.03.13, AMCO, C-242, doc. 64, fols. 1v–3r.

41 1448.09.11, AGA, Sección Priego, leg. 1095, fols. 208r–248v. and 1515.03.10, AMCO, C-1027, doc. 31.2, s.f.

42 1492.09.12, AMCO, C-1035, fols. 83r–85r. and 1515.03.10, AMCO, C-1027, doc. 31–2, s.f.

43 1465.01.29/1573.05.07, AMCO, C-134, doc. 1, fol. 1v–10v.

44 1547.10.20, AMCO, C-256, doc. 3, s.f. and 1492.10.02, AMCO, C-1035, fols. 95r–97v.

45 1492.12.07, AMCO, C-258, doc. 3, s.f.

46 Alijo, Antequera y su tierra, 42–43, and Carriazo, La Casa de Arcos, 250.

47 1491.12.13, AMCO, C-1035, fols. 29v–32r.

48 1492.10.01, AMCO, C-1035, fols. 92v–95r.

49 1492.10.02, AMCO, C-1035, fols. 95r–97v.

50 1492.12.04, AMCO, C-1035, fols. 119v–122r.

51 1493.02.11, AMCO, C-1035, fols. 133r–134r.

52 1493.12.08, AGA, Sección Priego, leg. 1110, fols. 236r–301v.

53 1493.04.s.d., AMCO, C-256, doc. 8, s.f.

54 Peña-Chocarro, Prehistoric Agriculture, 130–42.

55 Martín-Puertas et al., “Arid and Humid Phases,” 17–18.

56 Halstead, “Ask the Fellow,” 211–34, and Halstead, Two Oxen Ahead.

57 1493.12.08, AGA, Sección Priego, leg. 1110, fols. 236r–301v.

58 1515.08.08, AMCO, C-1031, doc. 4, s.f. y 1515.05.21, AMCO, C-1031, doc. 1, s.f.

59 Córdoba, La industria medieval, 224–25.

60 López, “La producción de carbón,” 834–36.

61 1525.12.18, AHV, C-0065, E0001, fol. 2r.

62 1493.04.s.d., AMCO, C-256, doc. 8, s.f.

63 Cabrera, “El bosque, el monte y su aprovechamiento,” 265–66.

64 1492.12.07, AMCO, C-258, doc. 3, s.f.

65 Córdoba, La industria medieval, 281–82.

66 1516.02.28, AHPCO, PNCO, 11830P, fol. 227r.

67 Córdoba, “Las técnicas preindustriales,” 246–351.

68 1470.02.01, AHPCO, PNCO, 14109P, 1, fol. 23r. and Córdoba, La industria medieval, 143.

69 Córdoba, La industria medieval, 140–43.

70 1513.09.08, AMCO, C-171, doc. 15, s.f. y 1516.10.18, AMCO, C-277, doc. 4, s.f.

71 1513.10.30, AMCO, C-256, doc. 2, s.f.

72 Quesada, El paisaje rural, 67.

73 Clemente, “Los deslindes: una fuente,” 133.

74 Martínez, “Explotación y protección,” 71–82.

75 Quesada, El paisaje rural, 63–70 and Argente, “El paisaje vegetal,” 209–30.

76 Martín, “Los espacios cultivados,” 366–71 and Martín, Paisajes, ganadería y medio ambiente, 112–13.

77 Pascual, “El paisaje histórico,” 129–32.

78 Rodríguez, “Monte y cultivos,” 159–208.

79 Durand, Les paysages médiévaux du Languedoc, 143–44, 184–86 and 213–14.

80 This is the methodology followed by Martín Gutiérrez for Jerez de la Frontera in “Los espacios cultivados,” 366–71, which presents a classification of the plant groups attested in the region around Jerez (Cádiz) in the Middle Ages. The following works have been used as reference: Polunin, Árboles y arbustos de Europa, and Ruiz, Árboles y arbustos de la España Peninsular.

81 Arenas, Análisis de la estructura.

82 1519.01.17, AMCO, C-257, doc. 1, s.f.

83 Otte, Sevilla y sus mercaderes, 44–46, and Jiménez, Un concejo de Castilla, 162–63.

84 See Córdoba, La industria medieval, and Córdoba, “Las técnicas preindustriales.”

85 López, “La producción del carbón,” 824–27.

Additional information

Funding

This work has been carried out within the framework of the project HAR015-67619P Technology and knowledge in the Iberian Peninsula (XIII–XVI centuries), funded by the Dirección General de Investigación Científica y Técnica del Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (España) and FEDER funds.

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