![Sample our Humanities journals, sign in here to start your FREE access for 14 days]({"type":"image" , "src" : "/sda/5939/TOC-Subject-Sample-2021-Humanities.jpg"})
ABSTRACT
This article discusses the collecting habits of Edward, second Viscount Conway (1564–1655), and the reasons that books from his collection in Ireland, which was allegedly destroyed during the 1641 rising, survive today at Armagh Public Library. A small number were preserved through the marriage of his daughter Dorothy to his estate manager, George Rawdon, and were passed down through the Anglo-Irish Rawdon family. This inheritance practice is analysed though the signature inscriptions in the books, ending in the late eighteenth century with Conway's great-great-grandson, John Rawdon, first Earl of Moira. These claims to ownership reveal a view of the books as inherited cultural objects that affirmed the significance of the family pedigree and entitlement to status which had been overturned in the late seventeenth century. The social networks of successive generations of the family supported intellectual interests, and it is suggested that the books' transfer to Archbishop Robinson's Library at Armagh may have occurred in the early nineteenth century through the operation of such a network.
Acknowledgements
I am grateful to the Henry E. Huntington Library for two fellowships in 2007–2008 and 2012–2013 which enabled me to work on the Hastings (Irish) Papers and to the wonderful staff of Armagh Public Library who have patiently dealt with my interest in the Conways and the Rawdons. Earlier versions of the article have benefited from airings to Armagh Diocesan Society in 2013, the Library and Information History Conference in 2014, and the Eighteenth and Nineteenth Century Research Seminar Series, Trinity College Dublin 2014–2015. I am also grateful to the anonymous referees for their helpful suggestions.
Notes
1. G. O. Simms, ‘The founder of Armagh's Public Library: Primate Robinson among his Books’, Irish Booklore 1:2 (August 1971) 139–149; A. P. W. Malcomson, Primate Robinson 1709–94, ‘A Very Tough Incumbent, in Fine Preservation’ (Belfast: Ulster Historical Foundation, 2004).
2. A recent publication which addresses Conway's literary interests is D. Starza Smith, John Donne and the Conway Papers; Patronage and Manuscript Circulation in the Early Seventeenth Century (Oxford: The University Press, 2014); for references to Conway's book collections in the Irish context see Raymond Gillespie ‘Print Culture 1550–1700’, 17–33, and Elizabeth Anne Boran ‘Libraries and Collectors 1550–1700’, in Raymond Gillespie and Andrew Hadfield, The Oxford History of the Irish Book Vol. III The Irish Book in English 1550–1800 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2006), 91–110; one example of Conway's management of his Irish estate is discussed in Brenda Collins, ‘The Conway estate in County Antrim: an example of seventeenth-century ‘English’ building styles in Ireland’, in Olivia Horsfall Turner ed., The Mirror of Great Britain: National Identity in Seventeenth-Century British Architecture. (Reading: Spire Books, 2012), 165–186.
3. The most widely cited description in print of the event is contained in H. Bayly, ‘The Battle of Lisnegarvey A.D.1641’, in Ulster Journal of Archaeology 1.1 (1853), 242–245.
4. See a similar discussion in Edward Potten ‘Beyond Bibliophilia. Contextualising Private Libraries in the Nineteenth Century’, Library and Information History, 31.2 (2015), 73–94.
5. Sean Kelsey, ‘Edward Conway, first Viscount Conway’, ODNB, http://www.oxforddnb.com [accessed 6/1/15]. Sir John Conway, father of the first Viscount, was the first generation Conway to move to Warwickshire and was the author of Meditations and Praiers, published in 1569 as a tribute to Elizabeth I. A cousin, also John Conway, translated two treatises from Latin and English into Welsh. See M. A. Stevens, ‘Sir John Conway’, ODNB http://oxforddnb.com, and Emyr Gwynne Jones ‘The Conway or Conwy family of Bodryddan [Botryddan], Flintshire’, Welsh Biography online, http://wbo.llgc.org.uk [both accessed 6/1/15].
6. Raymond Gillespie, ‘George Rawdon's Lisburn’, Lisburn Historical Society Journal 8 (1991), 32–36. Rawdon's activities as estate steward fulfil the description outlined by D. R. Hainsworth, Stewards, Lords and People (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992).
7. H. R. Plomer, ‘A Cavalier's Library’, The Library, new ser. 5 (1904), 158–172; Ian Roy, ‘The Libraries of Edward, 2nd Viscount Conway, and Others: an Inventory and Valuation of 1643’, Bulletin of the Institute of Historical Research, 41 (1968), 35–46.
8. See the discussion in Pamela Selwyn and David Selwyn, ‘“The Profession of a Gentleman”: Books for the Gentry and Nobility (c. 1560–1640)’, in The Cambridge History of Libraries in Britain and Ireland I: To 1640, ed. by Elisabeth Leedham Green and Teresa Webber (Cambridge: the University Press, 2006), 489–519; G. R. Batho, ‘The library of the “Wizard” Earl: Henry Percy Ninth Earl of Northumberland (1564–1632)’, The Library, 5th ser., 15.4 (1960), 246–261.
9. Armagh Public Library, P001209872: Tituli Catalogi Sequenti in Theologia; Library Catalogue of Edward, 2nd Viscount Conway. The catalogue contains some entries duplicated under different subject headings but, by and large, each title entry is unique.
10. For Ussher's collection of 10,000 volumes, see Toby Barnard, ‘The purchase of Archbishop Ussher's Library in 1657’, Long Room, 4 (1971), 9–14. The library of William Molyneux, one of the founders of the Dublin Society, was estimated at 2000 volumes at his death in 1698. See T. Hoppen, The Common Scientist in the Seventeenth Century (London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1970), 94. A relevant Scottish contemporary, Andrew Fletcher of Saltoun, East Lothian (1653?–1716), patriot and political theorist, possessed more than 6000 books. ODNB http://www.oxforddnb.com [accessed 8/21/16].
11. T. A. Birrell, ‘Reading as pastime: the Place of Light Literature in some Gentlemen's Libraries of the Seventeenth Century’, in Property of a Gentleman, ed. by Robin Myers and Michael Harris (Winchester: St. Paul's Bibliographies, 1991), 113–131; Arthur Freeman and Paul Grinke, ‘Four New Shakespeare Quartos?’, TLS, 5 April 2002, 17; Barra Boydell and Máire Egan-Buffet, ‘An Early Seventeenth Century Library from Ulster: Books on Music in the Collection of Lord Edward Conway (1602–1655)’, in Barra Boydell and Kerry Houston, Music, Ireland and the Seventeenth Century (Dublin: Four Courts Press, 2009), 95–108; Starza Smith, John Donne, 124–127, lists some of Conway's books at Armagh.
12. On the changing nature of the London book trade in Stuart times see James Raven, The Business of Books. Booksellers and the English Book Trade 1450–1850 (London and New Haven: Yale University Press, 2001), Ch. 3.
13. Roger Chartier, The Order of Books: Readers, Authors and Libraries in Europe between the Fourteenth and the Eighteenth Centuries. Trans. by Lydia Cochrane (London: Polity Press, 1994); Toby Barnard, ‘Learning, the learned and literacy in Ireland, c.1690–1760’, in ‘A Miracle of Learning’. Studies in manuscripts and Irish learning. Essays in honour of William O'Sullivan, ed. by Toby Barnard, Dáibhi Ó Cróinin, and Katherine Simms (Aldershot: Ashgate, 1998), 209–235; Raymond Gillespie, Reading Ireland (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2005); David Pearson, ‘The English Private Library in the Seventeenth Century’, The Library, 7th series, 13.4 (2012), 379–399.
14. British Armorial Bindings. http://armorial.library.utoronto.ca [accessed 1/21/15]. Though Helen Rawdon was not a blood relation of Edward Conway, she was his grandson's wife and her inscription on books defined them as her (and Conway/Rawdon family) property.
15. M. H. Nicholson, ed., The Conway Letters (London: Oxford University Press and Yale University Press, 1930), 23.
16. BL, Add. MS 70,002, fols171r-172r. Cited in Starza Smith, John Donne, 94.
17. Henry E. Huntington Library (HEH), HA 14349 20 February 1651.
18. BL, Add. Mss 23,213, f9.
19. Birrell, Reading as Pastime, 123.
20. Nicholson, The Conway Letters, 24; Calendar of State Papers Domestic (CSPD) Charles I 1636–17, vol. 334, 345. Jan 6 1636/7 Kenelm Digby to Edward Conway.
21. Richard Pennington, A Descriptive Catalogue of the Etched Work of Wenceslas Hollar 1607–77 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press), xxiv. David Mathew, The Social Structure of Caroline England (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1948), 107.
22. In 1629 the first Viscount Conway secured an appointment as governor of Londonderry for his son; for Katherine Huncks' move to Lisnegarvey in 1631 see CSPD Charles I, 1631, vol. 201, 162. 9 Oct. 1631 Foulke Reed to Edward Conway; CSPD Charles I, 1634–5, vol. 285, 589–592. 19 March 1635 ‘Account of payments by [Edward Burgh] servant of Edward Viscount Conway, on account of household expenses … between July 1634 and March 1635 incurred on a return journey from Lisnegarvey to London.’
23. Calendar of State Papers Ireland (CSPI) 1633–47, vol. 254, 81. 8 Oct. 1634 George Rawdon to Edward Conway.
24. CSPI 1633–47, vol. 255, 118–119. 26 December 1635 Philip Tandy to George Rawdon; CSPD Charles I 1636, vol. 316, 296. 14 March 1636 William Chambers to George Rawdon.
25. CSPI 1633–47, vol. 66, 145. 21 January 1637 Henry O'Neill to George Rawdon. In 1633 Stafford published an account of the Seven Years War based on Carew's manuscripts. Terry Clavin and Darren McGettigan, ‘Sir Thomas Stafford’, Terry Clavin, ‘Sir George Carew’, Dictionary of Irish Biography, http://dib.cambridge.org [accessed 7/29/15].
26. CSPI 1633–47, vol. 255, 119. 26 December 1635 Philip Tandy to George Rawdon.; E. Berwick, The Rawdon Papers (London: Nichols, 1819), Appendix III ‘An inventory of the goods in Lisburne House, the 2d of October 1682’; CSPI 1633–47, vol. 254, 153. 8 October 1634 George Rawdon to Edward Conway.
27. Lucy Gwynn ‘The Design of the English Domestic Library in the Seventeenth Century: Readers and Their Book Rooms’, Library Trends, 60.1 (2011), 43–53; S. Jervis ‘The English Country House Library’, Library History, 18.3 (2002), 175–187; Susie West ‘An Architectural Typology for the Early Modern Country House Library, 1660–1720’, The Library, 7th series, 14.4 (2013), 441–464.
28. CSPD Charles I, 1634–5, vol. 272, 164. 24 July 1634 Archbishop Ussher to Viscount Conway; CSPI 1633–47, vol. 256, 153. 11 March 1637 Lord Deputy to Viscount Conway.
29. CSPI 1647–60, Addenda, 219. July 1636 on board ship.
30. CSPD Charles I, 1635–6, vol. 309, 55. Undated letter of appointment of George Rawdon to be in charge of Conway's estate. CSPI 1633–47, vol. 258, 245. 18 September 1640, for the lease of Brookhill and lands in Ireland by Conway to Rawdon.
31. Stephen Porter, The Blast of War: Destruction and the English Civil Wars (Stroud: History Press, 2011), 66; Pearson, English Private Library, 388. The library of books belonging to Robert Harley and his wife, Brilliana, Conway's sister, was destroyed when their home, Brampton Castle, was stormed by royalist forces in 1644. See J. Eales Puritans and Roundheads: The Harleys of Brampton Bryan and the Outbreak of the English Civil War (Cambridge, New York: Cambridge University Press, 1990).
32. Bayley, Ulster Journal of Archaeology (1853), 242–245.
33. HEH, HA 14336 30 December 1641.
34. Belfast Newsletter, 1 December 1772, 1, and 4 December 1772, 1. The original account is contained in PRONI (Public Record Office of Northern Ireland) CR1/35/D/1 Vestry Minute Book of Parish of Blaris (alias Lisburn).
35. Trinity College Dublin, 1641 Depositions Project, online transcription January 1970, http://1641.tcd.ie [accessed 03 May 2015]. Evidence relating to Brookhill 10 June 1653 of George Sexton, MS 838 f292r. Evidence of the value of other losses of books include MS 813 f279r and 279v (belonging to the earl of Kildare) and MS 834 172r (belonging to Lord Blaney) though the majority of reported losses of books were the property of clerics.
36. CSPD Interregnum 1649–50, vol. 1, 33. Original document in full, The National Archives SP18/1 f35. 10 March 1649.
37. M. Beckett, Sir George Rawdon: A Sketch of His Life and Times (Belfast: Newsletter, 1935), 57. Rawdon's first wife, Ursula Stafford, had died in 1640.
38. Sean Kelsey, ‘Edward Earl of Conway’, ODNB, http://www.oxforddnb.com [accessed 6/1/15].
39. HEH, HA 14501 21 March 1670; CSPD Charles II 1670, vol. 277, 364 August 4, CSPD Charles II 1670, vol. 278, 384 August 20.
40. James Fairbairn, Fairbairn's Book of Crests of the Families of Great Britain and Ireland, 4th ed., 2 vols. (London and Edinburgh: T. C. and E. C. Jack, 1905), vol. 2, Plate 192, 13.
41. HEH, HA 14526 Edward Conway to George Rawdon, 17 April 1674.
42. Armagh Public Library, P001347612. Blaise de Montluc, Commentaires (Paris, 1617).
43. National Library of Ireland. Ms 117 f 26.
44. On Arthur Brownlow's antiquarian interests, see Bernadette Cunningham and Raymond Gillespie, ‘An Ulster Settler and his Irish Manuscripts’, Eigse XXI (1986), 27–36. Brownlow's reputation as a scholar and collector of Irish manuscripts was sufficient for Edward Lhuyd, the Welsh antiquarian and philologist, to seek an introduction from Bishop Smith of Down and Connor. See J. L. Campbell, ‘The tour of Edward Lhuyd in Ireland in 1699 and 1700’, Celtica V (1960), 218–228.
45. John Bramhall (bap. 1594, d. 1663) was a contemporary of the second Viscount Conway and had a house in Lisburn while bishop of Derry in the 1630s and was nominated archbishop of Armagh and primate of all Ireland in 1660. Helen was his granddaughter through the marriage of his daughter, Isabella, to James Graham, Governor of Drogheda. See Report on the Manuscripts of the Late Reginald Rawdon Hastings Esq. of the Manor House, Ashby de la Zouche. Vol. 2. (London: HMSO, 1928).
46. Armagh Public Library collection: P001357332 Ole Worm Fasti Danici (Copenhagen, 1623); P001404357 Wm. Turner A New Herbal (London, 1551).
47. Hans Sloane, A Voyage to the Islands Madera, Barbados, Nieves, St. Christophes and Jamaica, vol. 1 (London, 1707), Preface, 77.
48. Peter Burke, ‘A Survey of the Popularity of Ancient Historians 1450–1700’, History and Theory, 5.2 (1966), 135–152; CSPD Charles I 1634–5, vol. 272, 148. July 14 1634 Conway to (? Weld/Rawdon); CSPI Addenda 1625–60, vol. 276, 69, 291. George Rawdon to Lord Conway. ‘Bodley's Visit to Lecale, County of Down A.D. 1602-3’, Ulster Journal of Archaeology, II (1854) 73–95.
49. See Harold Love, Scribal Publication in Seventeenth-Century England (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1993) and James Raven, The Business of Books (Yale: New Haven and London, 2007), 12–17; Arthur Brownlow (see note 44) employed scribes to copy Irish manuscripts (probably transcribe from ‘old’ Irish into a Roman script), E. Ó Tuathail, ‘Arthur Brownlow and his MSS’, Irish Book Lover xxii.18 (1936), 26–28.
50. The initials JR and the inscription ‘Sir John Rawdon’ in the books have been identified by a comparison of the handwriting of letters to Hans Sloane by each man held in the British Library. BL Sloane Ms 4042 f.331, letter from John Rawdon 28 July 1771. BL Sloane Ms 4054 f.191, letter from Sir John Rawdon 2 March 1735–6.
51. BL Sloane Ms 4043 f.3.
52. Evidence of John Rawdon's inherited interest in antiquities is his ownership of Henry Rowlands, An Archaeological Discourse on the Antiquities, Natural and Historical, of the Isle of Anglesey (1723), the copy of which in Armagh Public Library, bears his initials, JR, on page 9. Rowlands was part of the antiquarian circle of Edward Lhuyd (see note 44). See also D. W. Hayton, ‘Thomas Prior, Sir John Rawdon, third baronet, and the mentality and ideology of ‘improvement’: a question of upbringing’, in Irish Provincial Cultures in the Long Eighteenth Century, ed. by Raymond Gillespie and R. F. Foster (Dublin: Four Courts Press, 2012), 106–129.
53. HEH, HA 15567, 27 January 1718, HEH, HA 15581, 19 June 1719. Letters between Thomas Prior and John Rawdon third Baronet.
54. Arthur Rawdon had been widely regarded by family and community as Conway's likely heir. See Hayton, ‘Thomas Prior, Sir John Rawdon’, 111–112; copy of will of Edward, Earl of Conway, HEH, HA 14572, 9 August 1683.
55. Heather J. Jackson, Marginalia (London: Yale University Press, 2001), 19–28.
56. A. Laing ed., Clerics and Connoisseurs (London: English Heritage, 2001).
57. Sloane had arranged for Arthur Rawdon to receive plants brought from Jamaica by James Harlow. BL Sloane Ms 4054 f.191. See E. Charles Nelson, ‘Sir Arthur Rawdon (1662–1695) of Moira: his life and letters, family and friends, and his Jamaican plants’, Belfast Natural History and Philosophical Society, second series 19 (1977/78–1981/82), 30–52.
58. Rosemary Richey ‘John Rawdon 1st earl of Moira’, Dictionary of Irish Biography, http://dib.cambridge.org [accessed 7/29/2015]; Aidan O'Boyle, ‘The Earls of Moira: their property and cultural interests’, Artefact (2007), 66–83.
59. Rosemary Richey, ‘Elizabeth Rawdon, countess of Moira’, Dictionary of Irish Biography, http://dib.cambridge.org [accessed 7/29/15].
60. In 1785 the Society of Antiquaries published in Archaeologia her account of an archaeological find at the Moira estate of a skeleton with fragments of fabric. A full account of Lady Moira's interest in Celtic antiquities is given in Anna Catalani and Susan Pearce ‘”Particular thanks and Obligations”, the communications made by women to the Society of Antiquaries between 1776 and 1837 and their significance’, The Antiquaries Journal 86 (Sept. 2006), 254–278.
61. A. Prendergast, Literary Salons Across Britain and Ireland in the Long Eighteenth Century (Palgrave MacMillan, Basingstoke, 2015), 106–131.
62. A. Prendergast, ‘“The drooping genius of our Isle to raise”: the Moira House salon and its role in Gaelic cultural revival’, Eighteenth Century Ireland 26 (2011), 95–114.
63. James Quinn, ‘Edward Berwick classicist and Anglican clergyman’. Dictionary of Irish Biography, http://dib.cambridge.org [accessed 7/29/15]. BL Add. Ms 34756 f.22.
64. John Moore Johnston, Heterogenea (Downpatrick: James Parks, 1803), 69. Johnston was the Earl of Moira's land agent from c. 1780.
65. Johnston, Heterogenea (Downpatrick: James Parks, 1803), 216.
66. M. Girouard, Life in the English Country House (London: Yale University Press, 1978), 232–34; Peter Thornton, Authentic Décor. The Domestic Interior 1620–1820 (London: Cassell & Co., 2000), 150; John Brewer, The Pleasures of the Imagination (London: Harper Collins, 1997), 184–86. I am grateful to Dr. Patrick Walsh, University College Dublin for information on a similar development at Castletown House Co. Kildare.
67. W. Harris, The Ancient and Present State of the County of Down (Ballynahinch: Davidson, 1977, reprint of 1744 edition), 102; Angelique Day, Letters From Georgian Ireland: The Correspondence of Mary Delany 1731–68 (Belfast: Ulster Historical Foundation, 1991), 154.
68. PRONI MIC 250/1 Daniel Beaufort's Journal 1787–88.
69. Granard Papers, Castle Forbes, County Longford. T3765/L/4. Inventory taken by Zach Foxall, 7th day of July 1808; National Archives of Scotland. GD 297/10, undated letter.
70. M. Girouard, English Country House, 179–180.
71. The importance of Dublin's print trade is discussed by H. Abbas, ‘“A Fund of Entertaining and Useful Information”; Coffee Houses, Early Public Libraries and the Print Trade in Eighteenth-Century Dublin’, Library and Information History, 30.1 (Feb. 2014), 41–61.
72. Underscoring the Earl of Moira's indulgent expenditure on books, Maurice Craig labelled an unknown Dublin bookbinder with a distinctive style, the ‘Rawdon’ binder’. See Maurice Craig Irish Bookbindings 1600–1800 (London: Cassell & Co., 1954), 45; he is now known as George Faulkner's binder: see Joseph McDonnell Five Hundred Years of the Art of the Book in Ireland (Dublin: National Gallery of Ireland, 1997), 139.
73. Trinity College Dublin, Department of Early Printed Books and Manuscripts. Book of Common Prayer (Dublin: Crooke and Tooke, 1680). The title page is inscribed ‘Hellen Rawdon My Book Drougheday’ [Drogheda]. The Order for Morning Prayer first page has ‘H. Rawdon’ and the Order for Evening Prayer first page has ‘Sr John Rawdon’. I am grateful to Helen McGinley, librarian in the department, for her assistance. Craig Bookbindings (1954) suggests that the reason for its rebinding may have been sentimental but it seems more likely that it was to make the book covers appear more fitting when shelved with other newly published books of the mid-eighteenth century.
74. Senate House Library, University of London, Special Collections. The fact that an earldom ranks higher than a viscount in the British peerage may have held as much significance for the Earl of Moira as his family background.
75. Walker's Hibernian Magazine: or, Compendium of Entertaining Knowledge. For May 1808 (Dublin, 1771–1809), 258, quoted in Prendergast, ‘The drooping genius’, 97.
76. Granard Papers. T3765/J/9/2/11.
77. Granard Papers, T376/J/9/1/24 and T3765/J/9/2/3.
78. A catalogue of the … Library of Books … late the property of … the Marquis of Hastings, which will be sold by Auction on Tuesday, the 29th of December, 1868, etc. Though some lots can be definitively associated with earlier family members in Ireland, the majority are eighteenth-century editions and later. At least two books with Conway's provenance which were sold at the sale exist today in public collections. At Castle Forbes there is a copy of an 1869 auction catalogue, T3765/M/4/12, of a sale by Thomas Beet, London, of ‘books from the Marquis of Hastings removed from Donington Park’, which contains a number of sixteenth- and seventeenth-century titles; these may have been sold in 1868 and resold in 1869 or they may have been sold separately from the main sale the previous year.
79. Granard Papers. T3765/N/2A. A soft-backed exercise book titled ‘List of the books which belonged to the Countess of Moira and now in the green room of Castle Forbes, September 18, 1808’ with a further list in the same handwriting dated March 1819 of ‘Books in Lady Granard's bookcase, her bedchamber at Castle Forbes’. The back cover has ‘Edward Berwick Trinity College Dublin. Anno Domini 1808’.
80. On 21 July 1993 Sotheby's undertook a sale of The Library of the Rt. Hon. the Earl of Granard Extracted From Castle Forbes, County Longford. No items in the catalogue are identified as having any Conway provenance. Lot 321 (illustrated title page), a work by Goethe published in 1776, has the inscription Sir John Rawdon (partly scored out).
81. Philip Carter, ‘Edward Berwick’ ODNB, http://oxforddnb.com [accessed 3/2/16]. The dedication reads ‘to Francis, Earl of Moira, from Esker, near Leixlip, May 1812’.
82. Prendergast (2015), 150. ‘Lady Moira likes you … we all like and admire you and will have great pleasure in hearing from you …’
83. PRONI T415 Berwick Papers, letter from Percy to Berwick, 13 February 1787.
84. HEH, HA 13907 is a fair copy letter by Berwick of ‘a letter to a gentleman of Lisburne’ originally dated January 7 1683/4 concerning the rights of Arthur Rawdon to inherit the Conway estate.
85. E. Berwick, The Rawdon Papers (London: Nichols, 1819); Brenda Collins ‘Sources for a seventeenth-century Ulster estate. The Hastings (Irish) Papers in the Huntington Library, California’, Familia, 24 (2008), 145–154.
86. A manuscript Catalogue of Books in Armagh Public Library compiled in 1815 includes two books known to have the signature of Sir John Rawdon but none of those with Conway's crest.
87. HEH, HA 14572 Will of Edward Conway 9 August 1683; HEH, HA 15697 Will of George Rawdon 30 July 1684; NA The National Archives PROB 11/1637 Will of Edward Berwick 30 April 1814.
88. See Mark Purcell, The Big House Library in Ireland (Swindon: The National Trust, 2011).
89. Clare O'Halloran, Golden Ages and Barbarous Nations. Antiquarian Debate and Cultural Politics in Ireland c. 1750–1800 (Cork: University Press, 2004) has drawn attention to differing interpretations of the 1641 rising in late–eighteenth-century Ireland, prior and subsequent to the 1798 rebellion.
90. British Armorials Bindings, http://armorial.library.utoronto.ca, lists 24 books with Conway's crest on the binding, 13 of which are in library collections other than Armagh.
91. The distinction follows that of James Raven, ‘Debating Bibliomania and the Collection of Books in the Eighteenth Century’, Library and Information History, 29.3 (2013), 196–209.
92. The English Baronetage containing a Genealogical and Historical Account of all the English Baronets. Vol. 3 part II (London, 1741), 480.
![Supercharge Your Next Research Paper: Research and write your next paper with Jenni AI.]({"type":"image" , "src" : "/sda/112444/Skyscraper-humanities.png"})