Mixtures of n-butanol and iso-butanol blended with diesel: experimental investigation of combustion characteristics, engine performance and emission levels in a compression ignition engine

Abstract

The isomers of butanol have slightly different properties, which can be exploited to improve combustion characteristics. To investigate the potential of this concept, normal-butanol (nB) and iso-butanol (isoB) were blended together in four different ratios (5% of each, 10% of each, and 7% plus 13% of each in both variations, by volume) with conventional diesel. The experimental data were analyzed via analysis of variance to evaluate significant differences between engine parameters. Brake power for the 5% isoB–5% normal-butanol–90% diesel blend was slightly improved while specific fuel consumption was increased with the increase in all dual blends. The high blend ratios of isoB (10% and 13% isoB) produced higher peak in-cylinder pressures and heat release rates as well as a substantial reduction in carbon monoxide emissions. The higher blend ratios of nB (10% and 13% nB) produced much lower unburnt hydrocarbon emissions because the energy required to crack the C–H bonds of nB is less than that required for isoB. Therefore, the hydrocarbons are more easily oxygenated. A slight reduction was found in NO_x emissions when increasing either nB or isoB, with nB being slightly more effective. Therefore, a blend of n- and isoB could be a promising alternative to a single isomer additive (iso/nB) to optimize engine performance.

Keywords:

• Iso-butanol
• n-butanol

Acknowledgments

The first author thanks the Iraqi Government Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research for supporting the research. The authors are also grateful to Mr. Brian Lenske for his assistance with the experiments and Dr. Rachel King for her assistance with the statistical analysis.

Disclosure statement

No potential conflict of interest was reported by the authors.