Ultrasonic and microwave effects on Prussian blue catalysed high-quality biodiesel production using Watermelon (Citrullus vulgaris) seed oil and alcohol extract (from fibrous flesh) as an exclusive green feedstock

Abstract

Prussian blue (transition metal mixed valence complex) has been accomplished as an eco-friendly and efficient for the synthesis of high quality biodiesel production using Watermelon (Citrullus vulgaris) seed oil and bio alcohol (from fibrous flesh) as an exclusive green feedstock. The ingredients, watermelon and PB, used for transesterification are inexpensive and easily available. The reactions occurred smoothly under conventional conditions and afforded good product yields. However, microwave and ultrasonically assisted reactions underwent with enhanced reaction rates by reducing the reaction times with a trend MWA≪ USA≪ Conventional. Ultrasonically assisted methodology reduced reaction times from several hrs (under reflux conditions) to about 1.5 to 2.0 hrs; while microwave assisted reactions could complete the transesterification within 2 to 3 min.

GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

Keywords:

• Watermelon exclusive green feedstock
• Rate enhancements
• Sonication microwave irradiation
• Prussian blue catalyst
• high quality biodiesel production