The impacts of nano fuels containing Fe-Ni-TiO₂/activated carbon nanoparticles on diesel engine performance and emission characteristics

Abstract

. Biofuels, which are widely used as alternative fuels to reduce fossil fuel consumption and replace them with fossil fuel-like energy sources, are increasingly being supplemented with nanoparticles (NP) to overcome their limitations, including lower energy content and higher emissions. The study aimed to examine the impact of Fe-Ni-TiO₂/activated carbon (AC) nanoparticles, produced by the authors, on engine performance and emissions when added to diesel/biodiesel fuel blends. The produced Fe-Ni-TiO₂/AC NP was employed as an additive in palm oil (PO)/diesel fuel blends at 50 and 100 ppm concentrations. The results revealed that compared to standard diesel, employing Fe-Ni-TiO₂/AC NPs lowered emissions including smoke, carbon monoxide (CO), and hydrocarbon (HC) in all fuel blends while increasing nitrogen oxide (NO_x). In the DNP30-100 fuel blend at 2500 W engine load, there was an increase in NO_x by 8% and a decrease in CO, HC, and smoke emissions by 70.3%, 86.3%, and 57.5%, respectively, compared to standard diesel. Furthermore, a decrease of 11.38% was observed in brake-specific fuel consumption, while brake thermal efficiency increased by 16.59% compared to diesel. The overall results suggest that using Fe-Ni-TiO₂/AC as an additive in a diesel–biodiesel fuel blend can improve engine performance and decrease emissions.

Keywords:

• Nano fuel
• nanoparticle
• biodiesel
• fuel blend
• diesel

Authors’ contributions

Rahman Çalhan: conceptualization, methodology, writing, editing; Songül Kaskun Ergani: investigation, writing – reviewing. Both authors read and approved the final manuscript.

Consent to participate

Not applicable.

Consent for publication

Not applicable.

Data availability

Not applicable.

Disclosure statement

The authors declare no competing interests.

Ethics approval

Ethics approval was not required for this research study.

Additional information

Funding

No financial support was received from any institution or organization for this study.