Abstract
Pica, or “depraved appetite”, is defined as ingestion of non-nutritive substances. Many factors influencing pica in animals have been identified , but the etiology is controversial. This study was conducted to evaluate haematological and biochemical parameters, trace element concentrations, the total antioxidant status (TAS), total oxidative status (TOS) and oxidative stress index (OSI) in beef cattle with and without pica. Ten beef cattle with pica (group I) and another ten healthy beef cattle (Group II) were used in the study. Serum TAS and TOS were measured by a colorimetric method. In group I, haemoglobin value and serum iron, copper and selenium concentrations were significantly lower than those of group II (p < .05). Cortisol level and the other biochemical parameters were not statistically different between the groups (p > .05). Compared to the healthy controls mean TAS values were significantly decreased in the group I (p < .05), whereas the TOS and OSI values did not differ statistically between the two groups (p > .05). Parasitological analysis revealed that Trichostrongylidae spp eggs were more common in group I. In conclusion, serum iron, copper and selenium deficiency with decreased antioxidant capacity may cause the symptoms of pica in beef cattle. Prophylactic use of trace mineral supplement containing iron, copper, selenium and antioxidants in beef cattle may be beneficial in preventing deviated appetite and in strengthening the antioxidant defence system.
Highlights:
Pica or is defined as the ingestion of non-nutritive substances
As a result of this several disorders may occur such as reticuloperitonitis traumatica, poisonings, toxications or digestive system obstructions.
Serum iron, copper and selenium deficiency with decreased antioxidant capacity may cause the symptoms of pica disorders in beef cattle.
Introduction
Pica defined as a depraved or abnormal appetite and is often considered a nutritional disorder of cattle and other farm animals (Nikvand et al. Citation2018). Appetite disorders may be secondary effects of diseases, most of which cause a reduction in food intake, or they may be diseases themselves, such as anorexia. Many diseases cause high body temperature. So a reduction in food intake occurs, which is presumed to derive from a direct effect of the elevated temperature on the brain. Diseases involving abdominal discomfort, also depress food intake: the reduction in intake should alleviate the discomfort, particularly if the food was the source of the problem. Metabolic disorders may also cause reduction in the appetite.
Pica involves the intake of inedible or non-nutritive materials such as soil, hair, bone or faeces (Constable et al. Citation2017). The causes of pica in animals are not well defined. There are several factors playing roles in the etiology of pica, some of which are protein-calorie malnutrition (PCM), parasitic infestation, obesity, deficiencies of protein (kwashiorkor) and micronutrients (Devlin Citation1969; Smith Citation2015). Although mineral deficiencies of some elements such as phosphorous, sodium, copper or magnesium have been suggested as possible causes of sporadic forms of pica, the concomitant imbalance of various serum minerals and proteins in cattle suffering from pica have not been completely determined (Nikvand et al. Citation2018). Furthermore, the relationship between pica and oxidative status has not been investigated well. Therefore, the objective of this study was to compare haematological and biochemical parameters, trace element concentrations, the total antioxidant status (TAS), total oxidative status (TOS) and oxidative stress index (OSI) in beef cattle with and without pica. In addition, presence of parasite infestations was also investigated.
Materials and methods
Animals and diet
A beef cattle farmer owning 300 Angus beef cattle applied to Animal Hospital of the Erciyes University for help as some of his cattle were having coprophagia and other symptom resembled pica. The farm was visited and some of the cattle were observed to be healthy and some of them had pica. Then, the study was conducted on 10 beef cattle exhibiting pica behaviour such as coprophagia (the eating of feces) and geophagia (Group I) and 10 healthy beef cattle (Group II) showing no clinical signs of any diseases including pica. The beef cattle exhibiting pica and control animals were selected randomly from a large herd, which was imported from abroad (South America) two months ago. The mean age of beef cattle was 10.4 ± 1.5 months. All animal’s live weights were between 270 and 310 kg. The animal’s mean body condition score (BCS) was of 3 ± 0.5 out of 5 (1 = emaciated to 5 = obese). Accordingly, the chosen beef cattle were divided into two groups. Group (I) consisted of 10 beef cattle that showed signs of pica and Group (II) consisted of 10 healthy beef cattle, which were used as a control. In addition, pica behavior has also been observed several times a day. Some of the more common types were coprophagia (the eating of feces), geophagia and the eating of soil or sand, but hair eating and urine drinking were not observed. The beef cattle were housed in a free-stall barn and were kept in intensive environments.
All the animals were offered 9.90 kg DM diet per day. Standard daily rations given to cattle included (as is bases) 5.0 kg concentrate mix (2700 Kcal/kg ME, %14 CP), 3.3 kg ground barley, 750 gr sunflower meal, 750 gr DDGS (Distillers Dried Grains with Solubles), 2.5 kg corn silage, 2.0 kg harnup silage (carob), 2.3 kg wheat straw and 80 gr of vitamin-mineral premix. A vitamin–mineral combination added to diet as 2 kg per ton. One kilogram of vitamin–mineral combination contains vitamin A: 12.000.000 UI, vitamin D3: 2.400.000 UI, vitamin E: 50.000 mg, vitamin K3: 1.000 mg, vitamin B1: 600 mg, vitamin B2: 2.500 mg, vitamin B6: 150 mg, vitamin C: 2.000 mg; niacin, 200.000 mg; folic acid, 2.000 mg; biotin, 200 mg; choline chloride, 100.000 mg; DL-methionine: 330 mg; iron: 80.000 mg, copper: 15.000 mg, manganese: 50.000 mg, cobalt: 150 mg, zinc: 150.000 mg, iodine: 800 mg, selenium: 150 mg. The ration was provided twice a day (07:00 and 17:00) and fresh water was available all the time.
Haematological and biochemical analyses
After puncture (with a 25-gauge needle) of the medial coccygeal vein, blood samples (9 mL per tube) were collected in two tubes, one tube containing ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid for measurements of haematological parameters using the automatic haematology analyser Exigo EosVet (Boule Medical AB, Stockholm, Sweden), and the other without any anticoagulant for biochemical analysis. After clotting, the blood samples were centrifuged at 1.300 × g for 10 min to separate the serum.
All biochemical tests were determined by using commercially available kits from Randox (Randox Laboratories, Crumlin, England, UK) and serum samples were analysed with a BT 3000 Plus biochemical analyser (Biotecnica, Italy), which is commercial colorimetric assay kit that uses the spectrophotometric method. Cortisol level of each animal was analysed with a DXI 800 immunoanalyser (Beckman Coulter Inc, USA). The concentrations of trace elements (manganese, iron, copper, zinc and selenium) in all samples were determined using an inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometer (Agilent 7500a ICP-MS series, Agilent Technologies).
TAS levels were determined in serum via a commercial kit (Rel Assay Diagnostics, Gaziantep, Turkey) (Erel Citation2004). The method was based measuring the antioxidative effect of the sample against the potent free radical reactions, which is initiated by the produced hydroxyl radical. The TAS levels were measured with an auto analyser (Gesan Chem 400, Italy). The results were expressed as μmol Trolox Eq/L.
TOS values were determined in serum via a commercial kit (Rel Assay Diagnostics, Gaziantep, Turkey) (Erel Citation2005). The colour intensity, which is related to the total amount of oxidant molecules present in the sample, was measured by auto analyser. The analyses were calibrated with hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and the results were expressed in terms of micro molar hydrogen peroxide equivalent per liter (μmol H2O2 Eq/L).
Oxidative stress index, an indicator of the degree of oxidative stress, was calculated using the following formula: [(TOS, µmol/l)/(TAS, (mmol Trolox Eq/l) × 100].
Parasitological examination
Fresh faecal samples were directly collected from the rectum of each cattle in sterile plastic bags, transferred to the laboratory, and kept at 4 °C until parasitological examination. The samples were examined on the day of collection. Zinc sulphate flotation technique was applied to investigate parasite eggs (Rinaldi et al. Citation2011).
Statistical analysis
Data were analysed with the SPSS 15.0 statistical package program (SPSS Inc, Chicago, IL, USA). An independent samples t-test was used to reveal the statistical significance between the two groups. Statistical significance was considered to be p < 0.05. The results were expressed as means ± standard deviations.
Results
The haematological parameters were not different significantly when the two group values compared except haemoglobin value. There was a significant decrease (p < .05) in haemoglobin concentration in group I compared to group II (Table ).
Table 1. Hematological Parameters of the Beef Cattle with Pica (group I, n = 10) and Healthy Cattle (group II, n = 10)
There was no significant differences in biochemical parameters when two group values compared including Cortisol value (p > .05; Table ).
Table 2. Biochemical Parameters of the Beef Cattle with Pica (group I, n = 10) and Healthy Cattle (group II, n = 10)
Furthermore, there was a significant decrease in serum iron, copper and selenium concentrations in group I compared to group II (p < .05; Table ). There was also significant decrease (p < .01) in the mean TAS concentrations between two groups, whereas the TOS and OSI values did not differ statistically between the two groups (p > .05; Table ).
Table 3. Serum Mineral concentrations of the Beef Cattle with Pica (group I, n = 10) and Healthy Beef Cattle (group II, n = 10)
Table 4. Serum Total Antioxidant Status (TAS), Total Oxidative Status (TOS) and Oxidative Stress index (OSI) of the Beef Cattle with Pica (group I, n = 10) and Healthy Cattle (group II, n = 10)
Fecal parasitological analysis revealed the presence of parasites. Eight cattle in group I and two cattle in group II were positive with concern to Trichostrongylidae spp eggs.
Discussion
Pica or in another word “depraved appetite” has been an important subject in various animals and different aetiologies speculated to play role in the development of the problem (Meyer and Lohes Citation2002; Aytekin et al. Citation2010, Citation2011). Many factors have been identified in the aetiology of the pica in animals, therefore, pica is an interesting and very complex topic for researchers. The tendency to pica has not been defined thoroughly, but under some circumstances pica may occur during expression of a learned taste aversion or during states of nutrient deficiency. Therefore, in the present study, cattle having pica symptoms were investigated to find out possible reasons of the behaviour.
When results were evaluated, the haematological parameters were similar for both the groups, except for haemoglobin concentration which was significantly lower (p < .05) in the pica group (Group I). This is probably due to the fact that dietary deficiency or failure of intestinal absorption may cause limited or inadequate iron intake, which is effective in the formation of haemoglobin. Furthermore, all biochemical parameters including cortisol concentrations were not different in both groups. Additionally, all values determined in the present study for haematological (apart from haemoglobin concentration) and biochemical parameters of beef cattle with and without pica were within the reference values (Turgut Citation2000; Kraft Dürr Citation2005).
Pica is often considered a nutritional disorder of cattle and other farm animals, but the aetiology is controversial. Roles for the shortage or imbalance of some nutritional elements have been debated (Nikvand et al. Citation2018). Thus, in the present study, serum mineral and trace element concentrations in the animals with and without pica were also investigated. With concern to this, a significant decrease in serum iron, copper and selenium concentrations in beef cattle with pica compared to a control group were determined (p < .05). On the other hand, macro element levels such as Ca, P and Mg were not different in both groups.
Nikvand et al. (Citation2018) determined that low serum iron concentration accompanied by low serum ferritin might be associated with long-term nutritional iron deficiency, which then plays an important role in the occurrence of pica in cattle. Similarly, Aytekin et al. (Citation2011) found that horses with pica had lower concentrations of serum iron and copper in relation to healthy horses. In another study performed on 15 lambs having pica symptoms; iron deficiency was found and it was related to the aetiology of pica in lambs (Aytekin et al. Citation2010). Similar findings were also reported for human beings (Lopez et al. Citation2007). Furthermore, Nikvand et al. (Citation2018) reported that low serum iron concentrations appear to prompt chronic nutritional iron inadequacy, which increase the risk of pica in cattle due to iron deficiency. In an enzootic pica in young calves and lambs that graze on pasture rich in manganese related to iron deficiency because high soil manganese may interfere with iron absorption in digestive tract (Neser et al. Citation2000). In the present study, the manganese concentration in the soil is not investigated, but its serum concentration didn’t change significantly.
In contrast to our results, Naci et al. (Citation2008) investigated 30 cattle that suffered from pica and had normal amounts of calcium, copper and zinc but slightly elevated iron concentration. Although many researches (Lopez et al. Citation2007; Aytekin et al. Citation2010; Citation2011; Nikvand et al. Citation2018) with regard to low serum iron value in animals with pica are in agreement with the present study, some papers (Akgül et al. Citation2000; Naci et al. Citation2008) do not agree with each other or with us about the role of the other elements, especially iron and copper, in the occurrence of pica. To determine the main causes of pica, several studies were carried out on cattle, horses and lambs. Although Aytekin and Kalinbacak (2008) reported significant low phosphorus and copper mineral concentrations in the blood of cattle exhibiting pica, we found that the mean serum phosphorus levels for the cattle with pica was not lower than control cattle. Jain and Chopra (Citation1994) also observed pica symptoms in calves fed on diet with insufficient phosphorus supply. In the present study, the causes of pica may be copper or other nutritional deficiencies, as well. A previously mentioned study by Haris et al. (Citation1995), copper deficiency can lead to the low iron concentrations due to its important role in transporting iron into the blood circulation. Nikvand et al. (Citation2018) reported that differences in aetiology of pica may be due to differences in sensitivity to particular element/mineral shortage, breed and age diversity of animals studied, and their differences in nutritional requirements. According to the results of the present study, iron and copper deficiencies may be considered as an important cause of pica, for instance, coprophagia and geophagia, in beef cattle and differences in aetiology might be related to the type of pica.
The results of the biochemical analyses in the present study showed no significant differences in serum values of total protein, albumin and urea in both groups which are in agreement with Zhou et al. (Citation2009), Li et al. (Citation2014) and Nikvand et al. (Citation2018).
Parasitism may also play an important role in the etiology of pica (Smith Citation2015). Our results showed that the parasites found in the feces of animals with pica might increase the risk of pica and it causes blood loss leading to direct iron-deficiency related to anaemia in cattle.
In the present study, when oxidative stress parameters evaluated, TAS decreased significantly in cattle with pica. In the present study, pica symptoms in the cattle reported to be observed just after a week of transport and the symptoms are increased during two months period. Therefore, the reason could be due to transport of the animals from long distance and their accommodation in a crowded barn conditions. Such studies with concern to the effect of transport on oxidative stress has been investigated, but their role in the development of pica has not been understood well (Chirase et al. Citation2004; Onmaz et al. Citation2011; Piccione et al. Citation2013). In the present study, transport may affect antioxidant status of the animals negatively, so, the risk of pica may have triggered. Therefore, antioxidants should be given to the animals before transport to protect them from pica. But the exact role between imbalance of oxidative and antioxidative status in cattle with pica should be investigated in future studies with all the details.
Conclusions
In conclusion, pica is considered as a multifactorial condition, including iron, copper and selenium deficiency in addition to decreased antioxidant capacity. If so, other possible factors related to pica should be investigated in future studies as well. To protect the animals from such condition; in addition to above deficiencies, transport, parasitismus, barn conditions and antioxidant status should also be taken into consideration. Furthermore, mineral treatment and the response to the treatment may be useful in differentiating etiology. In prophylaxis, using antiparasitic agents and trace mineral supplements containing iron, copper, selenium and antioxidants in beef cattle may be beneficial in preventing deviated appetite and in strengthening the antioxidant defence system.
Disclosure statement
The authors report no conflicts of interest. The authors alone are responsible for the content and writing of this article.
References
- Akgül Y, Agaoglu ZT, Kaya A, Salin, T. 2000. The relationship between the syndromes of wool eating and alopecia in Akkaraman and Morkaraman sheep fed corn silage and blood changes (haematological, biochemical and trace elements). Israel J Vet Med. 56(1):23–37.
- Aytekin I, Onmaz AC, Aypak SU, Gunes V, Kucuk O. 2011. Changes in serum minerals concentration, biochemical and hematological parameters in horses with pica. Biol Trace Elem Res. 139(3):301–307.
- Aytekin I, Onmaz AC, Kalinbacak A, Aypak SU, Alp H. 2010. Circulating mineral element concentrations in Sakiz crossbred lambs with pica disorder. Revue Med Vet. 161(7): 332–335.
- Badawi NM. 2014. Evaluation of some hematological values and ferritin concentration in normal and emaciated Iraqi sheep. Kufa J Vet Med Sci. 5(2):340–346.
- Chirase NK, Greene LW, Purdy CW, Loan RW, Auvermann BW, Parker DB, Walborg EF Jr, Stevenson DE, Xu Y, Klaunig JE. 2004. Effect of transport stress on respiratory disease, serum antioxidant status, and serum concentrations of lipid peroxidation biomarkers in beef cattle. Am J Vet Res. 65(6):860–864.
- Constable PD, Hinchcliff KW, Done SH, Grunberg W. 2017. General systemic state. In: Saunders WB, editor. Veterinary Medicine. 11th ed. St. Louis, Elsevier, pp. 88–89.
- Devlin TJ Roberts WK, St Omer VV. 1969. Effects of dietary potassium upon growth, serum electrolytes and intrarumen environment of finishing beef steers. J Anim Sci. 28:557–562.
- Erel O. 2004. A novel automated direct measurement method for total antioxidant capacity using a new generation, more stable ABTS radical cation. Clin Biochem 37:277–285.
- Erel O. 2005. A new automated colorimetric method for measuring total oxidant status. Clin Biochem 38:1103–1111.
- Haris ZL, Takahashi Y, Miyajima H, Serizawa M, Mac-Gillivray RTA, Gitlin JD. 1995. Aceruloplasminemia: molecular characterization of a novel disorder of iron metabolism. Proc Natl Acad Sci 92:2539–2543.
- Jain RK, Chopra RC. 1994. Effect of feeding low phosphorus diet of feed intake, nutrient utilization,growth and certain blood parameters in calves. Indian J Anim Nutrition 11(4):205–210.
- Kaneko JJ, Harvey JW, Bruss ML. 2008. Clinical Biochemistry of Domestic Animals, Chapter 9, Iron Metabolism and its Disorders. 6th ed. Amsterdam, Netherlands: Elsevier.
- Kraft W, Dürr UM. 2005. Klinische Labordiagnostik in der Tiermedizin, 6th ed. Stuttgart: F.K. Schattauer Verlagsgesellschaft mbH.
- Li H, Wang K, Lang L., Lan Y, Hou Z, Zhang L, Zhu W, Yang Q, Li Q, Wang J. 2014. Study the use of urea molasses multi-nutrient block on pica symptom of cattle. J Anim Vet Adv. 13(3):152–158.
- Lopez LB, Langini SH, Pita de Portela ML. 2007. Maternal iron status and neonatal outcomes in women with pica during pregnancy. Int J Gynaecol Obstet. 2007;98:151–152.
- Meyer H, Lohse K. 2002. Ca and P supply of ruminants in the 19th and beginning of 20th century in Middle Europe. Dtsh Tierarztl Wochenschr 109(1):34–37.
- Miyata Y, Furugouri K, Shijimaya K. 1984. Developmental changes in serum ferritin concentration of dairy calves. Dairy Sci 67:1256–1263.
- Naci O, Gokce G, Gucu AI, Uzlu E, Yagci BB, Ural K. 2008. Pica as a predisposing factor for traumatic reticuloperitonitis in dairy cattle: Serum mineral concentrations and hematological findings. J Anim Vet Adv. 7(6):651–656.
- Neser JA, De Vries MA, Ander Merwe AJV, Loock AH, Smith HJC, Van der Vyver FH, Elsenbroek JH. 2000. Enzootic geophagia of calves and lambs in Northern Cape and Northwest and the possible role of chronic manganese poisoning. S Afr J Anim Sci. 30(Suppl 1):105–106.
- Nikvand AA, Rashnavadi M, Tabandeh MR. 2018. A study of pica in cattle in Iran. J Vet Behav. 23:15–18.
- Onmaz A.C, Van Den Hoven R, Gunes V, Cinar M, Kucuk O, 2011. Oxidative stress in horses after a 12-hours transport period. Revue de Médecine Vétérinaire. 162:213–217.
- Piccione G, Casella S, Giannetto C, Bazzano M, Giudice E, Fazio F, 2013. Oxidative stress associated with road transportation in ewes. Small Ruminant Research. 112:235–238.
- Rinaldi L, Coles GC, Maurelli MP, Musella V, Cringoli G. 2011. Calibration and diagnostic accuracy of simple flotation, McMaster and FLOTAC for parasite egg counts in sheep. Vet Parasitol. 177:345–352.
- Smith BP. 2015. Large animal internal medicine, 5th ed., St Louis, MO: Mosby, Elsevier.
- Turgut K. 2000. Veterinary Clinical Laboratory Diagnostic. Konya, Turkey: Bahcivanlar press.
- Zhou L, Long R, Pu XY, Juan Qi J, Zhang WW. 2009. Studies of a naturally occurring sulfur-induced copper deficiency in Przewalski's gazelles. Can Vet J. 50(12): 1269–1272.