Interaction between the melanocortin 1 receptor (MC1R) and agouti signalling protein genes (ASIP), and their association with black and brown coat colour phenotypes in peruvian alpaca

Abstract

The aim of this work was to assess the interaction between MC1R and ASIP genes in determining coat colour variation in black and brown Peruvian alpacas. Skin biopsies were collected from 25 black alpacas and 15 brown alpacas. Genomic DNA was isolated, amplified and sequenced. Black alpacas were dominant homozygous (E/E) or heterozygous (E/e) at MC1R locus while brown alpacas were heterozygous at the locus. All the black animals were heterozygous for the non-functional alleles at ASIP locus (a^H – a^Δ57 – a^ht). On the contrary, brown alpacas were dominant homozygous (A/A) or heterozygous (A/a^ht) at this locus. When the combined genotypes at MC1R and ASIP were considered together, alpacas with black coats had four possible genotype combinations namely a^H/a^Δ57 – E/E, a^H/a^ht – E/E, a^H/a^Δ57 – E/e and a^H/a^ht – E/e. The brown alpacas were found to have the A/a^ht – E/e and the A/A – E/e genotype. Our results show that the two genes interact to sinergically modulate the amount of melanin synthetised in alpaca fibre. In black coat alpacas in fact, the expression of non-functional ASIP results in the failure of pheomelanin production while the functional MC1R allows the synthesis almost exclusively of eumelanin. On the other hand, the brown coat phenotype is produced when the animal possesses at least one functional copy of the gene at both ASIP and MC1R loci. In fact, MC1R binds both ASIP and α-MSH allowing a mixed melanogenesis characterised by the synthesis of eumelanin and pheomelanin granules in a similar ratio.

HIGHLIGHTS

• The income of thousands of Peruvian alpaca farmers depends mainly on the sale of fibre in high demand on the global textile market.

• A wide variety of colours exists, therefore this fibre is preferred by the ecologically sustainable industry for organic textile products.

• Our results provide information for selection breeding program of coloured alpaca helpful to improve the condition of welfare of Andean populations.

Keywords:

• ASIP
• MC1R
• Alpaca
• coat colour
• genes interaction

Ethical approval

All experiments were approved and performed in 2008 according to the guidelines of the Animal Ethics Committee of the University of Camerino.

Disclosure statement

The authors report no conflicts of interest. The authors alone are responsible for the content and writing of this article.

Additional information

Funding

The authors would like to thank the Alpaca Research Foundation (ARF) for their financial support.