Failures and Successes of Human Rights-Based Approaches to Development: Towards a Change Perspective

Abstract

Human rights-based approaches to development (HRBADs) seem to be grounded in assumptions of change that remain implicit and therefore often undebated. These assumptions of change play at two levels, i.e. that of organisational change and that of social change. The main emphasis of this article is on organisational change as the logical precursor to social change. Explanatory factors for the challenges in introducing HRBADs in development organizations include the different legitimizing anchors that both use (normative versus empirical), as well as the differences in disciplinary backgrounds of staff and in role definition (confrontation versus collaboration with the state). An important finding is that result-based management and HRBADs may be more difficult to reconcile than often believed. The tension between both may be illustrative of the fundamental differences that continue to characterize development and human rights approaches, notwithstanding the rapprochement that has taken place over the past decade(s). We argue that more empirical work is needed in order to better understand organisational and social change through HRBADs.

Keywords:

• Human Rights-Based Approaches to Development
• Organisational Change
• Social Change
• Role Definition
• UNICEF

Notes

¹ SP Marks, “The Human Rights Framework for Development: Seven Approaches”, in Basu Mushumi, Archna Negi and Arjun K. Sengupta (eds), Reflections on the Right to Development (Sage Publications, 2005), 23–60; L-H Piron with T O'Neil, “Integrating Human Rights into Development. A synthesis of donor approaches and experiences” (2005), available at storage.globalcitizen.net/data/topic/knowledge/uploads/201209121610859063_%E6%96%B01%20Integrating%20Human%20Rights%20into%20 Development.pdf (accessed 22 April 2014); D D'Hollander, A Marx and J Wouters, “Integrating Human Rights in Development Policy: Mapping Donor Strategies and Practices”, Working Paper 108, June 2013, available at papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2286204 (accessed 18 April 2014), 9–42.

² For more details, see W Vandenhole, “The Human Right to Development as a Paradox” (2003) Verfassung und Recht in Übersee. Law and Politics in Africa, Asia and Latin America 377–404; W Vandenhole, GE Türkelli and R Hammonds, “New Human Rights Duty-Bearers: Towards a Re-conceptualisation of the Human Rights Duty-Bearer Dimension” in Anja Mihr and Mark Gibney (eds), The SAGE Handbook of Human Rights (Sage, forthcoming).

³ They are nonetheless considered to be the most sophisticated way of linking human rights to development. The other categories are implicit human rights work; human rights projects; human rights dialogue; and human rights mainstreaming. See L-H Piron with T O'Neil, “Integrating Human Rights into Development. A synthesis of donor approaches and experiences” (2005), available at storage.globalcitizen.net/data/topic/knowledge/uploads/201209121610859063_%E6%96%B01%20Integrating%20Human%20Rights%20into%20Development.pdf (accessed 22 April 2014).

⁴ Certainly, successful organisational change will not automatically translate into the envisaged social change.

⁵ The expression is borrowed from Oestreich. True believers are persons within an organisation, not necessarily within the leadership, who make the case “that pursuing a principled idea … [is] worthwhile from an ethical as well as a practical point of view”. See JE Oestreich, Power and Principle. Human Rights Programming in International Organizations (Georgetown University Press, Washington, DC, 2007), 8

⁶ The external environment and new issues or approaches, the two other factors that are often mentioned in explaining organisational change, seem more relevant in explaining whether and why an HRBAD was introduced as a matter of policy.

⁷ See, e.g., J Kirkemann Boesen and T Martin, “Applying a Rights-Based Approach. An Inspirational Guide for Civil Society” (Danish Institute for Human Rights, 2007), available at www.crin.org/docs/dihr_rba.pdf (accessed 22 April 2014).

⁸ See, e.g., S Hickney and D Mitlin (eds) Rights-Based Approaches to Development. Exploring the Potential and Pitfalls (Kumarian Press, 2009); P Gready and J Ensor (eds), Reinventing Development? Translating Rights-Based Approaches from Theory to Practice (Zed Books, 2005).

⁹ OHCHR, Frequently Asked Questions on a Human-Rights Based Approach to Development Cooperation (New York and Geneva, OHCHR, 2006), 15, available at www.ohchr.org/Documents/Publications/FAQen.pdf (accessed 22 April 2014). Compare LT Munro, “The ‘Human Rights-Based Approach to Programming’: A Contradiction in Terms?”, in Sam Hickey and Diana Mitlin (eds), Rights-Based Approaches to Development. Exploring the Potential and Pitfalls (Kumarian Press, 2009), 193–94.

¹⁰ UNICEF, “Global Evaluation of the Application of the Human Rights-Based Approach to UNICEF Programming. Final Report – Volume I” (UNICEF, 2012), available at www.unicef.org/policyanalysis/rights/files/UNICEF_HRBAP_Final_Report_Vol_I_11June_copy-edited_translated.pdf (accessed 16 April 2014), 13 and 15–16. Moreover, in this report, empowerment is not mentioned as a human rights principle, but conceptualised as the goal for HRBAD. Instead, transparency is upgraded from an element of accountability to a separate principle (13–19). Another acronym used, for example, is PANTHER (FAO).

¹¹ UNICEF, “Global Evaluation of the Application of the Human Rights-Based Approach to UNICEF Programming. Final Report – Volume I” (UNICEF, 2012), available at www.unicef.org/policyanalysis/rights/files/UNICEF_HRBAP_Final_Report_Vol_I_11June_copy-edited_translated.pdf (accessed 16 April 2014), 40.

¹² BA Andreassen and G Crawford (eds), Human Rights, Power and Civic Action. Comparative Analyses of Struggles for Rights in Developing Societies (Routledge, 2013).

¹³ BA Andreassen and G Crawford (eds), Human Rights, Power and Civic Action. Comparative Analyses of Struggles for Rights in Developing Societies (Routledge, 2013).

¹⁴ P Gready with W Vandenhole “What are we Trying to Change? Theories of Change in Development and Human Rights”, in Paul Gready and Wouter Vandenhole (eds), Human Rights and Development in the New Millennium. Towards a Theory of Change (Routledge, 2014), 3. For another account of the two, often contrasting, approaches to development, see LT Munro, “The ‘Human Rights-Based Approach to Programming’: A Contradiction in Terms?”, in Sam Hickey and Diana Mitlin (eds), Rights-Based Approaches to Development. Exploring the Potential and Pitfalls (Kumarian Press, 2009), 182–93.

¹⁵ LT Munro, “The ‘Human Rights-Based Approach to Programming’: A Contradiction in Terms?”, in Sam Hickey and Diana Mitlin (eds), Rights-Based Approaches to Development. Exploring the Potential and Pitfalls (Kumarian Press, 2009), 3–5.

¹⁶ JE Oestreich, Power and Principle. Human Rights Programming in International Organizations (Georgetown University Press, Washington, DC, 2007), 43.

¹⁷ P Gready with W Vandenhole “What are we Trying to Change? Theories of Change in Development and Human Rights”, in Paul Gready and Wouter Vandenhole (eds), Human Rights and Development in the New Millennium. Towards a Theory of Change (Routledge, 2014), 5–6.

¹⁸ P Gready with W Vandenhole “What are we Trying to Change? Theories of Change in Development and Human Rights”, in Paul Gready and Wouter Vandenhole (eds), Human Rights and Development in the New Millennium. Towards a Theory of Change (Routledge, 2014), 6–7.

¹⁹ See e.g. JE Oestreich, Power and Principle. Human Rights Programming in International Organizations (Georgetown University Press, Washington, DC, 2007), 54–55, who reports on the paradigm shift for UNICEF in working on legal reform

²⁰ P Gready with W Vandenhole “What are we Trying to Change? Theories of Change in Development and Human Rights”, in Paul Gready and Wouter Vandenhole (eds), Human Rights and Development in the New Millennium. Towards a Theory of Change (Routledge, 2014), 7–8.

²¹ JE Oestreich, Power and Principle. Human Rights Programming in International Organizations (Georgetown University Press, Washington, DC, 2007), 58.

²² P Gready with W Vandenhole “What are we Trying to Change? Theories of Change in Development and Human Rights”, in Paul Gready and Wouter Vandenhole (eds), Human Rights and Development in the New Millennium. Towards a Theory of Change (Routledge, 2014), 8–9.

²³ P Gready with W Vandenhole “What are we Trying to Change? Theories of Change in Development and Human Rights”, in Paul Gready and Wouter Vandenhole (eds), Human Rights and Development in the New Millennium. Towards a Theory of Change (Routledge, 2014), 12–15.

²⁴ P Gready with W Vandenhole “What are we Trying to Change? Theories of Change in Development and Human Rights”, in Paul Gready and Wouter Vandenhole (eds), Human Rights and Development in the New Millennium. Towards a Theory of Change (Routledge, 2014), 14.

²⁵ BE Simmons, Mobilizing for Human Rights. International Law in Domestic Politics (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2009), 8.

²⁶ This is not to say that evidence-based approaches are value-free or neutral.

²⁷ R Eyben, T Kidder, J Rowlands and A Bronstein, “Thinking about Change for Development Practice: a Case Study from Oxfam GB”, (2008) 18/2 Development in Practice, 201–212, 210.

²⁸ WG O'Neill, “The Current Status of Human Rights Mainstreaming Review of Selected CCA/UNDAFs and RC Annual Reports” (2003), available at www.undg.org/archive_docs/3070-Human_rights_review_of_selected_CCA_UNDAF_and_RC_reports.doc (accessed on 22 April 2014), 6.

²⁹ Compare M Darrow and L Arbour, “The Pillar of Glass: Human Rights in the Development Operations of the United Nations” (2009) 103 AJIL 446–501, 457.

³⁰ UNICEF, “Global Evaluation of the Application of the Human Rights-Based Approach to UNICEF Programming. Final Report – Volume I” (UNICEF, 2012), available at www.unicef.org/policyanalysis/rights/files/UNICEF_HRBAP_Final_Report_Vol_I_11June_copy-edited_translated.pdf (accessed 16 April 2014), iv and 47–48.

³¹ A Tostensen and others, “Supporting Child Rights. Synthesis of Lessons Learned in Four Countries” (2011), available at www.cmi.no/publications/file/3947-supporting-child-rights.pdf (accessed 16 April 2014), 103; compare LT Munro, “The ‘Human Rights-Based Approach to Programming’: A Contradiction in Terms?”, in Sam Hickey and Diana Mitlin (eds), Rights-Based Approaches to Development. Exploring the Potential and Pitfalls (Kumarian Press, 2009), 200.

³² LT Munro, “The ‘Human Rights-Based Approach to Programming’: A Contradiction in Terms?”, in Sam Hickey and Diana Mitlin (eds), Rights-Based Approaches to Development. Exploring the Potential and Pitfalls (Kumarian Press, 2009), 198.

³³ For a proposal to rather focus on their interaction, through the concept of structuration, see WR Scott, Institutions and Organizations. Ideas and Interests (Sage Publications, 2008), 48 and 76–79.

³⁴ JW Meyer and B Rowan, “Institutionalized Organisations: Formal Structure as Myth and Ceremony” (1977) 83/2 Am J of Soc, 340–363, 341–42.

³⁵ JE Oestreich, Power and Principle. Human Rights Programming in International Organizations (Georgetown University Press, Washington, DC, 2007), 31–32.

³⁶ JE Oestreich, Power and Principle. Human Rights Programming in International Organizations (Georgetown University Press, Washington, DC, 2007), 33.

³⁷ JE Oestreich, Power and Principle. Human Rights Programming in International Organizations (Georgetown University Press, Washington, DC, 2007), 6–10.

³⁸ JE Oestreich, Power and Principle. Human Rights Programming in International Organizations (Georgetown University Press, Washington, DC, 2007), 33.

³⁹ JE Oestreich, Power and Principle. Human Rights Programming in International Organizations (Georgetown University Press, Washington, DC, 2007), 42.

⁴⁰ JE Oestreich, Power and Principle. Human Rights Programming in International Organizations (Georgetown University Press, Washington, DC, 2007), 43.

⁴¹ JE Oestreich, Power and Principle. Human Rights Programming in International Organizations (Georgetown University Press, Washington, DC, 2007), 44. There seem to be similarities between the notion of adaptation and the language of layers and organisational archaeologies used by Gready in his analysis of ActionAid's introduction of HRBA, see below

⁴² JE Oestreich, Power and Principle. Human Rights Programming in International Organizations (Georgetown University Press, Washington, DC, 2007), 45.

⁴³ JE Oestreich, Power and Principle. Human Rights Programming in International Organizations (Georgetown University Press, Washington, DC, 2007), 47.

⁴⁴ JE Oestreich, Power and Principle. Human Rights Programming in International Organizations (Georgetown University Press, Washington, DC, 2007), 50.

⁴⁵ E Oestreich, Power and Principle. Human Rights Programming in International Organizations (Georgetown University Press, Washington, DC, 2007), 46, compare 48.

⁴⁶ LT Munro, “The ‘Human Rights-Based Approach to Programming’: A Contradiction in Terms?”, in Sam Hickey and Diana Mitlin (eds), Rights-Based Approaches to Development. Exploring the Potential and Pitfalls (Kumarian Press, 2009), 200.

⁴⁷ JE Oestreich, Power and Principle. Human Rights Programming in International Organizations (Georgetown University Press, Washington, DC, 2007), 48; compare LT Munro, “The ‘Human Rights-Based Approach to Programming’: A Contradiction in Terms?”, in Sam Hickey and Diana Mitlin (eds), Rights-Based Approaches to Development. Exploring the Potential and Pitfalls (Kumarian Press, 2009), 200, who argues that the organisational structure, i.e. the fact that the Medium-Term Strategic Plan was developed at headquarters, but that the country offices were supervised by the Regional Directors, was one of the reasons why the MTSP did not “stick in any meaningful way”

⁴⁸ UNICEF, “Global Evaluation of the Application of the Human Rights-Based Approach to UNICEF Programming. Final Report – Volume I” (UNICEF, 2012), available at www.unicef.org/policyanalysis/rights/files/UNICEF_HRBAP_Final_Report_Vol_I_11June_copy-edited_translated.pdf (accessed 16 April 2014), 50.

⁴⁹ UNICEF, “Global Evaluation of the Application of the Human Rights-Based Approach to UNICEF Programming. Final Report – Volume I” (UNICEF, 2012), available at www.unicef.org/policyanalysis/rights/files/UNICEF_HRBAP_Final_Report_Vol_I_11June_copy-edited_translated.pdf (accessed 16 April 2014), 48.

⁵⁰ UNICEF, “Global Evaluation of the Application of the Human Rights-Based Approach to UNICEF Programming. Final Report – Volume I” (UNICEF, 2012), available at www.unicef.org/policyanalysis/rights/files/UNICEF_HRBAP_Final_Report_Vol_I_11June_copy-edited_translated.pdf (accessed 16 April 2014), 49.

⁵¹ UNICEF, “Global Evaluation of the Application of the Human Rights-Based Approach to UNICEF Programming. Final Report – Volume I” (UNICEF, 2012), available at www.unicef.org/policyanalysis/rights/files/UNICEF_HRBAP_Final_Report_Vol_I_11June_copy-edited_translated.pdf (accessed 16 April 2014), 49.

⁵² UNICEF, “Global Evaluation of the Application of the Human Rights-Based Approach to UNICEF Programming. Final Report – Volume I” (UNICEF, 2012), available at www.unicef.org/policyanalysis/rights/files/UNICEF_HRBAP_Final_Report_Vol_I_11June_copy-edited_translated.pdf (accessed 16 April 2014), 50 et seq. For a more sceptical account, LT Munro, “The ‘Human Rights-Based Approach to Programming’: A Contradiction in Terms?”, in Sam Hickey and Diana Mitlin (eds), Rights-Based Approaches to Development. Exploring the Potential and Pitfalls (Kumarian Press, 2009), 197–200.

⁵³ UNICEF, “Global Evaluation of the Application of the Human Rights-Based Approach to UNICEF Programming. Final Report – Volume I” (UNICEF, 2012), available at www.unicef.org/policyanalysis/rights/files/UNICEF_HRBAP_Final_Report_Vol_I_11June_copy-edited_translated.pdf (accessed 16 April 2014), 58–59.

⁵⁴ UNICEF, “Global Evaluation of the Application of the Human Rights-Based Approach to UNICEF Programming. Final Report – Volume I” (UNICEF, 2012), available at www.unicef.org/policyanalysis/rights/files/UNICEF_HRBAP_Final_Report_Vol_I_11June_copy-edited_translated.pdf (accessed 16 April 2014), 60.

⁵⁵ LT Munro, “The ‘Human Rights-Based Approach to Programming’: A Contradiction in Terms?”, in Sam Hickey and Diana Mitlin (eds), Rights-Based Approaches to Development. Exploring the Potential and Pitfalls (Kumarian Press, 2009), 201.

⁵⁶ UNICEF, “Global Evaluation of the Application of the Human Rights-Based Approach to UNICEF Programming. Final Report – Volume I” (UNICEF, 2012), available at www.unicef.org/policyanalysis/rights/files/UNICEF_HRBAP_Final_Report_Vol_I_11June_copy-edited_translated.pdf (accessed 16 April 2014), 39 et seq.

⁵⁷ For a succinct introduction to the notion of equity in UNICEF's work, see UNICEF, “Global Evaluation of the Application of the Human Rights-Based Approach to UNICEF Programming. Final Report – Volume I” (UNICEF, 2012), available at www.unicef.org/policyanalysis/rights/files/UNICEF_HRBAP_Final_Report_Vol_I_11June_copy-edited_translated.pdf (accessed 16 April 2014), 4–5.

⁵⁸ UNICEF, “Global Evaluation of the Application of the Human Rights-Based Approach to UNICEF Programming. Final Report – Volume I” (UNICEF, 2012), available at www.unicef.org/policyanalysis/rights/files/UNICEF_HRBAP_Final_Report_Vol_I_11June_copy-edited_translated.pdf (accessed 16 April 2014), 46–47.

⁵⁹ UNICEF, “Global Evaluation of the Application of the Human Rights-Based Approach to UNICEF Programming. Final Report – Volume I” (UNICEF, 2012), available at www.unicef.org/policyanalysis/rights/files/UNICEF_HRBAP_Final_Report_Vol_I_11June_copy-edited_translated.pdf (accessed 16 April 2014), 110–36.

⁶⁰ UNICEF, “Global Evaluation of the Application of the Human Rights-Based Approach to UNICEF Programming. Final Report – Volume I” (UNICEF, 2012), available at www.unicef.org/policyanalysis/rights/files/UNICEF_HRBAP_Final_Report_Vol_I_11June_copy-edited_translated.pdf (accessed 16 April 2014), 60–72.

⁶¹ UNICEF, “Global Evaluation of the Application of the Human Rights-Based Approach to UNICEF Programming. Final Report – Volume I” (UNICEF, 2012), available at www.unicef.org/policyanalysis/rights/files/UNICEF_HRBAP_Final_Report_Vol_I_11June_copy-edited_translated.pdf (accessed 16 April 2014), 72–81.

⁶² LT Munro, “The ‘Human Rights-Based Approach to Programming’: A Contradiction in Terms?”, in Sam Hickey and Diana Mitlin (eds), Rights-Based Approaches to Development. Exploring the Potential and Pitfalls (Kumarian Press, 2009), 198–200.

⁶³ UNDG unites the 32 UN funds, programmes, offices and specialised agencies that play a role in development, such as the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), UNICEF, the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), the Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO), the World Health Organization (WHO), the Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR) and many others.

⁶⁴ In addition, there is disagreement whether UNCTs have managed to understand and apply an HRBA. While O'Neill believes that “core human rights concepts have percolated into the CCA/UNDAF process” (WG O'Neill, “The Current Status of Human Rights Mainstreaming Review of Selected CCA/UNDAFs and RC Annual Reports” (2003), available at www.undg.org/archive_docs/3070-Human_rights_review_of_selected_CCA_UNDAF_and_RC_reports.doc (accessed on 22 April 2014), 1), Haugen is more in doubt (HM Haugen, “UN Development Framework and Human Rights: Lip Service or Improved Accountability” (2014) Forum for Development Studies, available at http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08039410.2014.901244 (accessed 23 April 2014).

⁶⁵ “Third Interagency Meeting on Implementing a Human Rights-Based Approach 1–3 October 2008, Tarrytown, New York, Overview of a Human Rights Based Approach in Selected 2007/2008 Common Country Assessment/UN Development Assistance Frameworks”, available at www.undg.org/docs/9405/HRBA_in_CCA-UNDAF-26Sept[1].doc, 22 April 2014, 6; “Report Second Interagency Workshop on Implementing a Human Rights-based Approach in the Context of UN Reform, Stamford, USA, 5–7 May, 2003”, www.undg.org/archive_docs/2568-2nd_Workshop_on_Human_Rights__Final_Report_-_Main_report.doc (accessed 22 April 2014), 10; WG O'Neill, “The Current Status of Human Rights Mainstreaming Review of Selected CCA/UNDAFs and RC Annual Reports” (2003), available at www.undg.org/archive_docs/3070-Human_rights_review_of_selected_CCA_UNDAF_and_RC_reports.doc (accessed on 22 April 2014), 5; “Report of the UN Inter-Agency Workshop on Implementing a Human Rights-based Approach in the Context of UN Reform, January 24-26, 2001, Princeton”, 6.

⁶⁶ “Report Second Interagency Workshop on Implementing a Human Rights-based Approach in the Context of UN Reform, Stamford, USA, 5–7 May, 2003”, www.undg.org/archive_docs/2568-2nd_Workshop_on_Human_Rights__Final_Report_-_Main_report.doc (accessed 22 April 2014), 2 and 9–10.

⁶⁷ “Report Second Interagency Workshop on Implementing a Human Rights-based Approach in the Context of UN Reform, Stamford, USA, 5–7 May, 2003”, www.undg.org/archive_docs/2568-2nd_Workshop_on_Human_Rights_Final_Report_-_Main_report.doc (accessed 22 April 2014), 11; “Report of the UN Inter-Agency Workshop on Implementing a Human Rights-based Approach in the Context of UN Reform, 24–26 January 2001, Princeton” 6.

⁶⁸ “Third Interagency Meeting on Implementing a Human Rights-Based Approach 1–3 October 2008, Tarrytown, New York, Overview of a Human Rights Based Approach in Selected 2007/2008 Common Country Assessment/UN Development Assistance Frameworks”, available at www.undg.org/docs/9405/HRBA_in_CCA-UNDAF-26Sept[1].doc, 22 April 2014, 6–8; HM Haugen, “UN Development Framework and Human Rights: Lip Service or Improved Accountability” (2014) Forum for Development Studies, available at http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08039410.2014.901244 (accessed 23 April 2014), 20.

⁶⁹ “Third Interagency Meeting on Implementing a Human Rights-Based Approach 1–3 October 2008, Tarrytown, New York, Overview of a Human Rights Based Approach in Selected 2007/2008 Common Country Assessment/UN Development Assistance Frameworks”, available at www.undg.org/docs/9405/HRBA_in_CCA-UNDAF-26Sept[1].doc, 22 April 2014, 8.

⁷⁰ WG O'Neill, “The Current Status of Human Rights Mainstreaming Review of Selected CCA/UNDAFs and RC Annual Reports” (2003), available at www.undg.org/archive_docs/3070-Human_rights_review_of_selected_CCA_UNDAF_and_RC_reports.doc (accessed on 22 April 2014), 7.

⁷¹ UNDP, Human Rights for Development news brief, vol. 1, available at www.undp.org/content/undp/en/home/librarypage/democratic-governance/human_rights.html, 2009, 11 (accessed on 15 September 2014).

⁷² WG O'Neill, “The Current Status of Human Rights Mainstreaming Review of Selected CCA/UNDAFs and RC Annual Reports” (2003), available at www.undg.org/archive_docs/3070-Human_rights_review_of_selected_CCA_UNDAF_and_RC_reports.doc (accessed on 22 April 2014), 15.

⁷³ WG O'Neill, “The Current Status of Human Rights Mainstreaming Review of Selected CCA/UNDAFs and RC Annual Reports” (2003), available at www.undg.org/archive_docs/3070-Human_rights_review_of_selected_CCA_UNDAF_and_RC_reports.doc (accessed on 22 April 2014), 24; for a critique, see M Darrow and L Arbour, “The Pillar of Glass: Human Rights in the Development Operations of the United Nations” (2009) 103 AJIL 446–501, 447–50.

⁷⁴ “Third Interagency Meeting on Implementing a Human Rights-Based Approach 1–3 October 2008, Tarrytown, New York, Overview of a Human Rights Based Approach in Selected 2007/2008 Common Country Assessment/UN Development Assistance Frameworks”, available at www.undg.org/docs/9405/HRBA_in_CCA-UNDAF-26Sept[1].doc, 22 April 2014, 8; “Report Second Interagency Workshop on Implementing a Human Rights-based Approach in the Context of UN Reform, Stamford, USA, 5–7 May, 2003”, www.undg.org/archive_docs/2568-2nd_Workshop_on_Human_Rights__Final_Report_-_Main_report.doc (accessed 22 April 2014), 9; WG O'Neill, “The Current Status of Human Rights Mainstreaming Review of Selected CCA/UNDAFs and RC Annual Reports” (2003), available at www.undg.org/archive_docs/3070-Human_rights_review_of_selected_CCA_UNDAF_and_RC_reports.doc (accessed on 22 April 2014), 5.

⁷⁵ “Report Second Interagency Workshop on Implementing a Human Rights-based Approach in the Context of UN Reform, Stamford, USA, 5–7 May, 2003”, www.undg.org/archive_docs/2568-2nd_Workshop_on_Human_Rights__Final_Report_-_Main_report.doc (accessed 22 April 2014), 10.

⁷⁶ W Vandenhole, “Overcoming the Protection Promotion Dichotomy. Human Rights Based Approaches to Development and Organisational Change within the UN at Country Level” in Paul Gready and Wouter Vandenhole (eds), Human Rights and Development in the New Millennium. Towards a Theory of Change (Routledge, 2014), 109–30.

⁷⁷ Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency.

⁷⁸ Norwegian Agency for Development Cooperation.

⁷⁹ A Tostensen, H Stokke, S Trygged and K Halvorsen, “Supporting Child Rights. Synthesis of Lessons Learned in Four Countries” (2011), available at www.cmi.no/publications/file/3947-supporting-child-rights.pdf (accessed 16 April 2014).

⁸⁰ A Tostensen, H Stokke, S Trygged and K Halvorsen, “Supporting Child Rights. Synthesis of Lessons Learned in Four Countries” (2011), available at www.cmi.no/publications/file/3947-supporting-child-rights.pdf (accessed 16 April 2014), 96.

⁸¹ A Tostensen, H Stokke, S Trygged and K Halvorsen, “Supporting Child Rights. Synthesis of Lessons Learned in Four Countries” (2011), available at www.cmi.no/publications/file/3947-supporting-child-rights.pdf (accessed 16 April 2014), 96.

⁸² A Tostensen, H Stokke, S Trygged and K Halvorsen, “Supporting Child Rights. Synthesis of Lessons Learned in Four Countries” (2011), available at www.cmi.no/publications/file/3947-supporting-child-rights.pdf (accessed 16 April 2014), 96.

⁸³ A Tostensen, H Stokke, S Trygged and K Halvorsen, “Supporting Child Rights. Synthesis of Lessons Learned in Four Countries” (2011), available at www.cmi.no/publications/file/3947-supporting-child-rights.pdf (accessed 16 April 2014), 100.

⁸⁴ A Tostensen, H Stokke, S Trygged and K Halvorsen, “Supporting Child Rights. Synthesis of Lessons Learned in Four Countries” (2011), available at www.cmi.no/publications/file/3947-supporting-child-rights.pdf (accessed 16 April 2014), 92 and 101.

⁸⁵ A Tostensen, H Stokke, S Trygged and K Halvorsen, “Supporting Child Rights. Synthesis of Lessons Learned in Four Countries” (2011), available at www.cmi.no/publications/file/3947-supporting-child-rights.pdf (accessed 16 April 2014), 103.

⁸⁶ D D'Hollander, A Marx and J Wouters, “Integrating Human Rights in Development Policy: Mapping Donor Strategies and Practices”, Working Paper 108, June 2013, available at papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2286204 (accessed 18 April 2014), 48–49.

⁸⁷ Some empirical work has also been undertaken with regard to Plan's HRBAD in the field, see K Arts, “Countering Violence against Children in the Philippines: Positive RBA Practice Examples from Plan”, in Paul Gready and Wouter Vandenhole (eds), Human Rights and Development in the New Millennium. Towards a Theory of Change (Routledge, 2014) 149–76.

⁸⁸ J Chapman, in collaboration with V Miller, A Campolina Soares and J Samuel, “Rights-Based Development: The Challenge of Change and Power for Development NGOs”, in Sam Hickey and Diana Mitlin (eds), Rights-Based Approaches to Development. Exploring the Potential and Pitfalls (Kumarian Press, 2009), 167.

⁸⁹ J Chapman, in collaboration with V Miller, A Campolina Soares and J Samuel, “Rights-Based Development: The Challenge of Change and Power for Development NGOs”, in Sam Hickey and Diana Mitlin (eds), Rights-Based Approaches to Development. Exploring the Potential and Pitfalls (Kumarian Press, 2009), 169 and 174.

⁹⁰ J Chapman in collaboration with V Miller, A Campolina Soares and J Samuel, “Rights-Based Development: The Challenge of Change and Power for Development NGOs”, in Sam Hickey and Diana Mitlin (eds), Rights-Based Approaches to Development. Exploring the Potential and Pitfalls (Kumarian Press, 2009), 170 and 175.

⁹¹ J Chapman in collaboration with V Miller, A Campolina Soares and J Samuel, “Rights-Based Development: The Challenge of Change and Power for Development NGOs”, in Sam Hickey and Diana Mitlin (eds), Rights-Based Approaches to Development. Exploring the Potential and Pitfalls (Kumarian Press, 2009), 177.

⁹² P Gready, “ActionAid's Human Rights-Based Approach and its Impact on Organisational and Operational Change”, in Paul Gready and Wouter Vandenhole (eds), Human Rights and Development in the New Millennium. Towards a Theory of Change (2014, Routledge), 177, 180.

⁹³ P Gready, “ActionAid's Human Rights-Based Approach and its Impact on Organisational and Operational Change”, in Paul Gready and Wouter Vandenhole (eds), Human Rights and Development in the New Millennium. Towards a Theory of Change (2014, Routledge), 181.

⁹⁴ P Gready, “ActionAid's Human Rights-Based Approach and its Impact on Organisational and Operational Change”, in Paul Gready and Wouter Vandenhole (eds), Human Rights and Development in the New Millennium. Towards a Theory of Change (2014, Routledge), 181.

⁹⁵ P Gready, “ActionAid's Human Rights-Based Approach and its Impact on Organisational and Operational Change”, in Paul Gready and Wouter Vandenhole (eds), Human Rights and Development in the New Millennium. Towards a Theory of Change (2014, Routledge), 183–86 and 188.

⁹⁶ P Gready, “ActionAid's Human Rights-Based Approach and its Impact on Organisational and Operational Change”, in Paul Gready and Wouter Vandenhole (eds), Human Rights and Development in the New Millennium. Towards a Theory of Change (2014, Routledge), 182 and 187, citing L David Brown and others, “ActionAid International Taking Stock Review 3. Synthesis Report” (2010) www.actionaid.org/sites/files/actionaid/tsr3_synthesis_report_final.pdf (accessed 23 April 2014).

⁹⁷ J Chapman in collaboration with V Miller, A Campolina Soares and J Samuel, “Rights-Based Development: The Challenge of Change and Power for Development NGOs”, in Sam Hickey and Diana Mitlin (eds), Rights-Based Approaches to Development. Exploring the Potential and Pitfalls (Kumarian Press, 2009), 165, 179.

⁹⁸ J Chapman in collaboration with V Miller, A Campolina Soares and J Samuel, “Rights-Based Development: The Challenge of Change and Power for Development NGOs”, in Sam Hickey and Diana Mitlin (eds), Rights-Based Approaches to Development. Exploring the Potential and Pitfalls (Kumarian Press, 2009), 181.

⁹⁹ P Gready, “ActionAid's Human Rights-Based Approach and its Impact on Organisational and Operational Change”, in Paul Gready and Wouter Vandenhole (eds), Human Rights and Development in the New Millennium. Towards a Theory of Change (2014, Routledge), 177, 179.

¹⁰⁰ P Gready, “ActionAid's Human Rights-Based Approach and its Impact on Organisational and Operational Change”, in Paul Gready and Wouter Vandenhole (eds), Human Rights and Development in the New Millennium. Towards a Theory of Change (2014, Routledge), 189.

¹⁰¹ JE Oestreich, Power and Principle. Human Rights Programming in International Organizations (Georgetown University Press, Washington, DC, 2007), 56–57.