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Notes
1 The 2017 Freedom House report for Israel regarded their press as ‘Partly Free’, with a press freedom score of 33/100. Their 2017 ‘Freedom in the World’ report stated their aggregate freedom score as 80/100, with political rights and civil liberties being graded as 1 and 2, respectively (1 being the ‘most free’): Freedom House, ‘Freedom of Press 2017: Israel Profile’ (Freedom House, 2017) <https://freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-press/2017/israel> accessed 19 June 2017; Freedom House, ‘Freedom in the World 2017: Israel Profile’ (Freedom House, 2017) <https://freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world/2017/israel> accessed 19 June 2017.
2 Avi Shlaim, ‘The Iron Wall Revisited’ (2012) 41 Journal of Palestine Studies 80, 86.
3 Duty of Disclosure Law [2011], art 2. Unofficial English translation <www.adalah.org/uploads/oldfiles/Public/files/Discriminatory-Laws-Database/English/65-Law-on-Disclosure-for-Recipients-of-Support-from-a-Foreign-Political-Entity-Law-NGO-Foreign-Government-Funding-Law-2011.pdf> accessed 3 June 2017.
4 Amutot Law [2013], art 1. Unofficial English translation <www.acri.org.il/en/knesset/amutot-law/> accessed 3 June 2017.
5 Debbie Gild-Hayo, ‘Anti-NGO Law in the Israeli Knesset’ (Association for Civil Rights Israel (ACRI), June 2016) <www.acri.org.il/en/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/Anti-NGO-Bills-Overview-Updated-June-2016-1.pdf> accessed 3 June 2017.
6 Knesset, ‘Knesset Passes NGO Transparency Law’ (Knesset, 12 July 2016) <https://knesset.gov.il/spokesman/eng/PR_eng.asp?PRID=12164> accessed 3 June 2017.
7 ‘Transparency Bill: Final Draft’, Knesset, 22 June 2016. Hebrew version from ACRI, ‘Update – Final Draft of NGO Bill Released’ (ACRI, June 2016) Available at: <http://www.acri.org.il/en/>.
8 ibid, arts 3 and 4.
9 Jonathan Tepperman, ‘Ministering Justice’ (2016) 95 Foreign Affairs 2, 5.
10 ibid 4.
11 Peter Beaumont, ‘Israel Passes Law to Force NGOs to Reveal Foreign Funding’ (The Guardian, 12 July 2016) <www.theguardian.com/world/2016/jul/12/israel-passes-law-to-force-ngos-to-reveal-foreign-funding> accessed 3 June 2017.
12 ACRI et al, ‘Do Not Promote the NGO Bill’ (ACRI, 24 May 2016) <www.acri.org.il/en/wp … /02/Anti-NGO-Bills-Overview-Updated-Febuary-2016.pdf> accessed 3 June 2017.
13 EEAS Spokesperson, ‘Statement by the Spokesperson on the passage of the new NGO law in the Israeli Knesset’ (EEAS, 12 July 2016) <https://eeas.europa.eu/topics/sanctions-policy/7228/statement-by-the-spokesperson-on-the-passage-of-the-new-ngo-law-in-the-israeli-knesset_en> accessed 3 June 2017.
14 Avi Shlaim, ‘The Iron Wall Revisited’ (2012) 41 Journal of Palestine Studies 80, 86.
15 ibid.
16 Ylenia Gostoli, ‘Israel Slammed Over its War on NGOs’ (Al Jazeera, 22 November 2016) <www.aljazeera.com/news/middleeast/2016/11/israel-slammed-war-ngos-161101115337497.html> accessed 3 June 2017.
17 Pundak mentions the regime of permits as being a new challenge to people-to-people peacebuilding, as it has ‘significantly decreased the possibility of interaction between the two sides’: Ron Pundak, ‘More Relevant Than Ever: People-to-People Peacebuilding Efforts in Israel and Palestine’ [2012] 18 Palestine-Israel Journal 1 <www.pij.org/details.php?id=1442> accessed 3 June 2017.
18 An increase from 1% in 2015, to 9–10% in 2016: Press release, ‘Euro-Med calls for actions against Israeli campaign to evict international workers’ (EuroMed, 28 September 2016) <http://euromedmonitor.org/en/article/1457/Euro-Med-calls-for-actions-against-Israeli-campaign-to-evict-international-workers> accessed 3 June 2017.
19 Jennifer Gorovitz, Vice-President of the New Israeli Fund, was recently held and questioned at Ben-Gurion Airport: Barak Livid and Ilan Lior, ‘New Israel Fund's VP Delayed, Questioned at Airport by Israeli Officials Over NGO Funding’ (Ha’aretz, 9 February 2017) <www.haaretz.com/israel-news/1.770601> accessed 3 June 2017.
20 AJC and David Harris, ‘AJC Questions Ban on BDS Proponents Entering Israel’ (AJC, 7 March 2017) <www.ajc.org/site/apps/nlnet/content3.aspx?c=7oJILSPwFfJSG&b=9302337&ct=14987437> accessed 3 June 2017.
21 Israel/OPT: ‘“Secret Trial” of Gaza Aid Worker will not Deliver Justice’ (Amnesty, 29 August 2016) <www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2016/08/israel-opt-secret-trial-of-gaza-aid-worker-will-not-deliver-justice/> accessed 3 June 2017.
22 Pundak (n 17) 1.
23 Peter Beaumont, ‘Israel Sunk in “Incremental Tyranny”, say Former Shin Bet Leaders’ (The Guardian, 6 April 2016) <www.theguardian.com/world/2017/apr/06/former-israeli-security-chiefs-warn-of-tyranny> accessed 3 June 2017.
24 ‘Liberman: B’Tselem, Breaking the Silence are ‘Traitors’’ (Times of Israel, 16 January 2016) <www.timesofisrael.com/liberman-btselem-breaking-the-silence-are-traitors/> accessed 3 June 2017.
25 Breaking the Silence was a group founded by ex-Israeli Defence Force soldiers. This is particularly odious to the right-wing politicians that seek to silence them, as they are viewed as betraying their society from a military standpoint too.
26 Tepperman (n 9) 4.
27 The most powerful attacks have been directed at groups who seek to challenge military service, such as New Profile, a feminist anti-militarist group. In 2009, they came under investigation for inciting civil disobedience and assisting and soliciting exemption from military service: Rela Mazali, ‘The Criminal Investigation of New Profile and Freedom of Expression’ (Jewish Peace News, 14 May 2009) <http://jewishpeacenews.blogspot.co.uk/2009/07/rela-mazali-criminal-investigation-of.html> accessed 3 June 2017.
28 Rela Mazali, ‘Raising Boys to Maintain Armies’ (1995) 311 British Medical Journal 694.
29 Committee on the Rights of the Child, Concluding Observations: Israel, 53rd Session, 11–29 January 2010, CRC/C/OPAC/ISR/CO/1, 4 March 2010 [2010] p 5.
30 Basic Laws of Israel: Defense Service Law [1986], English Translation <www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/israel-defense-service-law-1986> accessed 3 June 2017.
31 Katherine Natanel, ‘Resistance at the Limits: Feminist Activism and Conscientious Objection in Israel’ (2012) 101 Feminist Review 78, 84.
32 It is commonplace for those refusing to serve to receive up to three months in military prison; however, this sentence was by far the longest ever handed down to a female conscientious objector: Tair Kaminer, ‘My Name is Tair Kaminer and I Was Recently Released From Prison’ (Alternative News, 10 August 2016) <www.alternativenews.org/index.php/comment/157-my-name-is-tair-kaminer-and-i-was-recently-released-from-prison> accessed 3 June 2017
33 War Resister's International (WRI), ‘Israel, Country Report’ (WRI, 21 April 1998) <www.wri-irg.org/programmes/world_survey/country_report/en/Israel> accessed 3 June 2017.
34 A report found that young Jewish persons are becoming increasingly more right-wing: 67% of those interviewed defined themselves as such in 2016, compared to 56% in 2006: Dr Roby Nathanson and Itamar Gazala, ‘Personal, National and Societal Issues Attitudes of Israeli Youth: The 4th Youth Study of the Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung’, Macro Centre for Political Economics [December 2016] <www.macro.org.il/images/upload/items/41088128111120.pdf> accessed 2 June 2017.
35 The statement was explicitly directed at organisations such as B’Tselem and Breaking the Silence – both of which actively challenge military conscription and the occupation: Xinhua, ‘Israeli PM Seeks to Ban National Service with Rights Group B’Tselem Over UN Row’ (Global Times, 16 October 2016) <www.globaltimes.cn/content/1011608.shtml> accessed 3 June 2017.
36 Pundak (n 17) 1 states that the new generation of Palestinians have ‘never met Israelis other than soldiers or settlers’. This is also an issue for young Israelis whose only experience of Palestinians is gained through army service.
37 Windows Organisation, ‘Mission Statement’ (Windows, 2016) <www.win-peace.org/> accessed 3 June 2017.
38 Windows Organisation, ‘Blog’ (Windows, 2017) <https://infrontofthemirroreng.wordpress.com/> accessed 3 June 2017.
39 Further reading on the situation of African asylum seekers in Israel can be found at ‘Aid Organization for Refugees and Asylum Seekers in Israel’ (ASSAF) <www.assaf.org.il> and ‘Hotline for Refugees and Migrants’ <www.hotline.org.il>.
40 The organisation deals with the assessment and filing of Refugee Status Determination (RSD) applications and resettlement through family reunion, private sponsorship and UNHCR schemes: ARDC, ‘Mission Statement’ (ARDC, 2017) <http://ardc-israel.org/> accessed 3 June 2017.
41 This becomes apparent when looking at the list of donors, for the main refugee organisations operating in Israel. In 2015, ARDC received two thirds of their funding from EU and UNHCR grants. Under the legislation from 2011, 2013 and 2016, they would be required to disclose this officially and could be vulnerable to financial tax penalties, should the goals of the organisation be deemed to be against Israel's interests: ARDC, ‘2015 Annual Report’ (ARDC, 2016) <https://docs.wixstatic.com/ugd/aba652_cf2b65d9db6949e6869f57072da9116f.pdf> accessed 3 June 2017.
42 Invest in Israel, ‘Home Page’ <http://investinisrael.gov.il/> accessed 3 June 2017.
43 Recently made famous by US Counselor to the President, Kellyanne Conway, the concept of ‘alternative facts’ have long been part of Israel's internal propaganda machine.
44 Todd Gitlin, The Whole World Is Watching: Mass Media in the Making and Unmaking of the New Left (University of California Press 1980).
45 Zeynep Tufecki, ‘“Not This One”: Social Movements, the Attention Economy, and Microcelebrity Networked Activism’ (2013) 57(7) American Behavioral Scientist 848, 854.
46 Khalil AbuZayyad believes social media can help to create dialogue within the Green Line and with the outside world: Ziad Khalil AbuZayyad, Freedom of Expression and Social Media in Palestine (2015) 21 Palestine Israel Journal 1 <www.pij.org/details.php?id=1667> accessed 19 June 2017.
47 Jack Khoury and Noa Shpigel, ‘Thousands Protest Against Demolition Orders in Druze Towns and Villages (Ha’aretz, 25 January 2017) <www.haaretz.com/israel-news/.premium-1.767330> accessed 3 June 2017.
48 Toby Greene, Alan Johnson and Noam Lesham ‘The Other Israel’ (2012) 20 Renewal: A Journal of Social Democracy <www.renewal.org.uk/articles/the-other-israel/> accessed 3 June 2017.
49 A major part of their work is the recording of human rights abuses that are suffered at the hands of Israeli police and armed forces, in the duration of protests and demonstrations: B’Tselem, Demonstration Recordings <www.btselem.org/topic/demonstrations> accessed 3 June 2017.
50 Peter Beaumont, ‘Israeli Soldier is Filmed Shooting Dead Wounded Palestinian Attacker’ (The Guardian, 24 March 2016) <www.theguardian.com/world/2016/mar/24/israeli-soldier-filmed-shoot-dead-wounded-palestinian-attacker-hebron> accessed 3 June 2017.
51 Gideon Levy, ‘Just Like Us, But Less’ (Ha’aretz, 24 February 2016) <www.haaretz.com/israel-news/just-like-us-but-less-1.414589> accessed 3 June 2017; Ha’aretz video with Sudanese campaigner Mutasim Ali: <www.facebook.com/haaretzcom/videos/10154844080131341/?pnref=story> accessed 3 June 2017.
52 South Sudanese model Emmanuel Lam, ‘Africa and Tel Aviv’ (Miri Davidovitz Blog, 23 September 2016) <http://miridavidovitz.blogspot.no/2016/09/africa-and-tel-aviv.html> accessed 3 June 2017.
53 Arab-Israeli, Salim Marei, was a contestant on Big Brother in 2016.
54 Also referred to as the ‘Land-Grabbing Law’: ‘Knesset Passes Settlement Regulation Law’ (Knesset, 7 February 2017) <www.knesset.gov.il/spokesman/eng/PR_eng.asp?PRID=13341> accessed 19 June 2017.