Introduction: Legal Mobilization in Nordic Civil Society

Click to increase image sizeClick to decrease image size

Notes

1 Johan Karlsson Schaffer, Malcolm Langford and Mikael Rask Madsen, ‘An Unlikely Rights Revolution: Courts, Rights and Legal Mobilization in Scandinavia since the 1970s’ (2024) 42 Nordic Journal of Human Rights (this issue).

2 Charles R Epp, The Rights Revolution: Lawyers, Activists, and Supreme Courts in Comparative Perspective (Univ of Chicago Press 1998); Austin Sarat and Stuart A Scheingold, Cause Lawyers and Social Movements (Stanford University Press 2006).

3 Aude Lejeune, ‘Legal Mobilization within the Bureaucracy: Disability Rights and the Implementation of Antidiscrimination Law in Sweden’ (2017) 39 Law & Policy 237; Kjersti Lohne and Marte Rua, ‘Rettspolitisk mobilisering og strategisk sakførsel mot isolasjon i norske fengsler’ (2021) 108 Nordisk Tidsskrift for Kriminalvidenskab 118; Jeffrey Miller, ‘Explaining Paradigm Shifts in Danish Anti-Discrimination Law’ (2019) 26 Maastricht Journal of European and Comparative Law 540.

4 Malcolm M Feeley and Malcolm Langford (eds), The Limits of the Legal Complex: Nordic Lawyers and Political Liberalism (Oxford University Press 2021).

5 Olaf Halvorsen Rønning and Ole Hammerslev (eds), Outsourcing Legal Aid in the Nordic Welfare States (Springer International Publishing 2018) <http://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-319-46684-2> accessed 28 January 2021; Johan Karlsson Schaffer, ‘Rättvisans entreprenörer: Mobilisering för tillgång till rättvisa i civilsamhället’ in Anna Wallerman Ghavanini and Sebastian Wejedal (eds), Access to justice i Skandinavien (Santérus Academic Press 2022).

6 Catherine Albiston, ‘The Dark Side of Litigation as a Social Movement Strategy’ (2010) 96 Iowa Law Review Bulletin 61; Lisa Vanhala and Jacqui Kinghan, ‘Literature Review on the Use and Impact of Litigation’ (Public Law Project 2018) PLP Research Paper <https://dev.publiclawproject.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2018/04/Literature-Review.pdf>.

7 Albiston (n 6); Vanhala and Kinghan (n 6).

8 Michael McCann, ‘Law and Social Movements: Contemporary Perspectives’ (2006) 2 Annual Review of Law and Social Science 17.

9 Frances Kahn Zemans, ‘Legal Mobilization: The Neglected Role of the Law in the Political System’ (1983) 77 American Political Science Review 690; Lisa Vanhala, ‘Legal Mobilization’, Oxford Bibliographies (2021) <10.1093/obo/9780199756223-0031> accessed 4 April 2022; Holly J McCammon and Allison R McGrath, ‘Litigating Change? Social Movements and the Court System’ (2015) 9 Sociology Compass 128; Emilio Lehoucq and Whitney K Taylor, ‘Conceptualizing Legal Mobilization: How Should We Understand the Deployment of Legal Strategies?’ (2020) 45 Law & Social Inquiry 166.

10 Michael Molavi, ‘Collective Legal Mobilisation: Exploring Class Actions in Sweden and Canada’ (2024) 42 Nordic Journal of Human Rights (this issue).

11 Rachel A Cichowski, ‘Courts, Rights, and Democratic Participation’ (2006) 39 Comparative Political Studies 50.

12 Christian Reus-Smit, ‘Human Rights in a Global Ecumene’ (2011) 87 International Affairs 1205; Johan Karlsson Schaffer, ‘The Point of the Practice of Human Rights: International Concern or Domestic Empowerment?’ in Reidar Maliks and Johan Karlsson Schaffer (eds), Moral and political conceptions of human rights: implications for theory and practice (Cambridge University Press 2017); RJ Vincent, Human Rights and International Relations (Cambridge University Press 1986); Kate Nash, ‘Towards a Political Sociology of Human Rights’ in Edwin Amenta, Kate Nash and Alan Scott (eds), The Wiley-Blackwell Companion to Political Sociology (Wiley-Blackwell 2012).

13 Neil Stammers, ‘Social Movements and the Social Construction of Human Rights’ (1999) 21 Human Rights Quarterly 980.

14 Gesine Fuchs, ‘Rechtsmobilisierung. Ein Systematisierungsversuch’ (2020) 41 Zeitschrift für Rechtssoziologie 21.

15 Schaffer (n 5) 386.

16 Marc Galanter, ‘The Radiating Effects of Courts’ in Keith Boyum and Lynn Mather (eds), Empirical theories about courts (Longman 1983) 117–142.

17 Michael W McCann, Rights at Work: Pay Equity Reform and the Politics of Legal Mobilization (University of Chicago Press 1994).

18 Schaffer, Langford and Madsen (n 1).

19 Kristin Bergtora Sandvik, ‘Cultural Heritage and Legal Mobilisation After Terror: July 22 and the Battle for Y’ (2023) 42 Nordic Journal of Human Rights <https://doi.org/10.1080/18918131.2023.2223055> accessed 21 December 2023.

20 Austin T Turk, ‘Law as a Weapon in Social Conflict’ (1976) 23 Social Problems 276.

21 Marc Galanter, ‘Why the “Haves” Come out Ahead: Speculations on the Limits of Legal Change’ (1974) 9 Law & Society Review 95.

22 Sandra R Levitsky, ‘To Lead with Law: Reassessing the Influence of Legal Advocacy Organizations in Social Movements’ in Austin Sarat and Stuart A Scheingold (eds), Cause Lawyers and Social Movements (Stanford University Press 2006).

23 Gerald N Rosenberg, The Hollow Hope: Can Courts Bring about Social Change? (2nd ed, University of Chicago Press 2008).

24 Nicola Perugini and Neve Gordon, The Human Right to Dominate (Oxford University Press 2015).

25 Ran Hirschl, ‘The Judicialization of Mega-Politics and the Rise of Political Courts’ (2008) 11 Annual Review of Political Science 93.

26 Sonja Buckel, Maximilian Pichl and Carolina A Vestena, ‘Legal Struggles: A Social Theory Perspective on Strategic Litigation and Legal Mobilisation’ [2023] Social & Legal Studies 09646639231153783, 6.

27 Schaffer, Langford and Madsen (n 1).

28 Jeff Handmaker and Sanne Taekema, ‘O Lungo Drom: Legal Mobilization as Counterpower’ (2023) 15 Journal of Human Rights Practice 6; Thandiwe Matthews, ‘Interrogating the Debates Around Lawfare and Legal Mobilization: A Literature Review’ (2023) 15 Journal of Human Rights Practice 24.

29 Matthews (n 28).

30 Martin Scheinin, ‘Mänskliga rättigheter som legalstrategi’ (1992) 15 Retfærd 3.

31 Molavi (n 10).

32 Isabel Schoultz, ‘European Court of Human Rights: Accountability to Whom?’ [2016] Towards a Victimology of State Crime 173; Schaffer, Langford and Madsen (n 1).

33 Buckel, Pichl and Vestena (n 26) 9.

34 Sandra Botero and Daniel M Brinks, ‘The Politics of Judicial Impact in Social and Economic Rights Cases’ in Malcolm Langford and Katharine Young (eds), The Oxford Handbook of Economic and Social Rights (Oxford University Press 2023) <https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780197550021.013.15> accessed 14 August 2023.

35 Stuart A Scheingold, The Politics of Rights: Lawyers, Public Policy, and Political Change (University of Michigan Press 2010) 5.

36 Michael McCann, ‘Law and Social Movements’ in Austin Sarat (ed), The Blackwell Companion to Law and Society (Blackwell Publishing Ltd 2004) <http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/9780470693650.ch27/summary> accessed 9 January 2018.

37 Michael W McCann and George I Lovell, Union by Law: Filipino American Labor Activists, Rights Radicalism, and Racial Capitalism (University of Chicago Press 2020).

38 William LF Felstiner, Richard L Abel and Austin Sarat, ‘The Emergence and Transformation of Disputes: Naming, Blaming, Claiming … ’ (1980) 15 Law & Society Review 631.

39 Mikael Rask Madsen, ‘Denmark: Between the Law-State and Welfare State’ in Malcolm M Feeley and Malcolm Langford (eds), The Limits of the Legal Complex: Nordic Lawyers and Political Liberalism (Oxford University Press 2021) 135; Melka Kjellberg and Olle Lönneaus, ‘Diskussionen om legalstrategier i Retfærd – Ett sammandrag’ in Håkan Hydén (ed), Rätten som instrument för social förändring: Om legalstrategier (Liber 1982).

40 Thomas Mathiesen, Retten i samfunnet: En innføring i rettssosiologi (Pax 2011).

41 Arbeids- og administrasjonsdepartementet, Makt og demokrati: Sluttrapport fra Makt- og demokratiutredningen 2003 [NOU 2003:19].

42 Jørgen Goul Andersen and others, Magt og demokrati i Danmark: Hovedresultater fra Magtudredningen (Aarhus Universitetsforlag 2003); Kulturdepartementet, En uthållig demokrati! Politik för folkstyrelse på 2000-talet 2000 [SOU 2000:1].

43 Lars Trägårdh, Bemäktiga individerna: Om domstolarna, lagen och de individuella rättigheterna i Sverige. (Demokratiutredningen 1999) <http://www.regeringen.se/sb/d/108/a/1306>.

44 Arbeids- og administrasjonsdepartementet, Makt og demokrati: Sluttrapport fra Makt- og demokratiutredningen (n 41) 74–87.

45 For a review of these debates, see the special issue 27(2) of this journal, and especially Andreas Føllesdal and Marlene Wind, ‘Nordic Reluctance towards Judicial Review under Siege’ (2009) 27 Nordic Journal of Human Rights 131.

46 Schaffer, Langford and Madsen (n 1).