Overview of Diabetes in Children and Teens

Abstract

Type 1 and type 2 diabetes affect about 186,000 youth under age 20. Previously considered an adult disease, type 2 diabetes is becoming increasingly common in overweight minority youth over 10 years of age. Criteria help to identify young people at risk for type 2 diabetes as well as those with the disease. Prevention or delay of type 2 requires weight loss through healthy eating, portion control and increased physical activity, along with family counseling and support. Type 1 diabetes usually has an acute onset and needs prompt diagnosis and treatment. It is important not to confuse its diagnosis with gastroenteritis. For both types of diabetes, management is determined by the family and diabetes care team depending on the child’s type of diabetes and individual needs. Healthy eating and daily physical activity are key components. For those using glucose lowering medications, especially insulin (which is essential for type 1 diabetes), avoiding low blood glucose is important. Careful ongoing management of diabetes contributes to well-being and the avoidance or delay of onset of the long term diabetes complications. These complications affect normal function of the eyes, nerves, kidneys and cardiovascular system. Psychological support helps youth cope with the ongoing demands of diabetes management. Educators can help ensure the child’s full participation in school activities.