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Abstract
Phthalates are ubiquitous industrial chemicals that are reported to adversely affect human reproductive outcomes. Divergent effects on semen quality have been reported in a limited number of studies. To assess the possible contribution of regional differences in phthalate exposure to these results, we wished to determine if ambient phthalate exposure of men from the Great Lakes region was associated with human sperm parameters. Male partners (N=45) of subfertile couples presenting to a Michigan infertility clinic were recruited. Urinary concentrations of several phthalate metabolites were measured in these men. Semen parameters, measured according to the World Health Organization [WHO 1999] protocols, were divided into those at or above WHO cutoffs for motility (50% motile), concentration (20thinsp;million/mL) and morphology (4% normal) and those below. Phthalate metabolite concentrations were divided into those concentrations above the median and those at or below the median. Specific gravity was used as a covariate in the regression models to adjust for urine dilution. Low sperm concentration was significantly associated with above median concentrations of monoethyl phthalate (MEP) (OR=6.5, 95% CI: 1.0–43.6) and low morphology with above median concentrations of mono-3-carboxypropyl phthalate (OR=7.6, 95% CI: 1.7–33.3). Increased odds for low concentration and above median concentrations of metabolites of di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) (OR=5.4, 95% CI: 0.9–30.8) and low morphology and above median concentrations of MEP (OR=3.4, 95% CI: 0.9–13.8) were also found. A significant trend was observed for tertiles of MEP and low sperm concentration (p=0.05). Results suggest that ambient phthalate metabolite concentrations may adversely affect human semen quality.
| Abbreviations | ||
| MEP | = | monoethyl phthalate |
| DEHP | = | di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate |
| DEP | = | diethyl phthalate |
| DBP | = | di-n-butyl phthalate |
| BBzP | = | butyl benzyl phthalate |
| AGD | = | anogenital distance |
| MBP | = | mono-n-butyl phthalate |
| MBzP | = | mono-benzyl phthalate |
| MiBP | = | mono-isobutyl phthalate |
| MMP | = | mono-methyl phthalate |
| DnOP | = | di-n-octyl phthalate |
| LODs | = | limits of detection |
| SC | = | sport caught |
| WHO | = | World Health Organization |
| MEHP | = | mono(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate |
| MEOHP | = | mono (2-ethyl-5-oxohexyl) phthalate |
| MEHHP | = | mono (2-ethyl-5-hydroxlhexyl) phthalate |
| OR | = | odds ratios |
| TE | = | testosterone |
| Abbreviations | ||
| MEP | = | monoethyl phthalate |
| DEHP | = | di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate |
| DEP | = | diethyl phthalate |
| DBP | = | di-n-butyl phthalate |
| BBzP | = | butyl benzyl phthalate |
| AGD | = | anogenital distance |
| MBP | = | mono-n-butyl phthalate |
| MBzP | = | mono-benzyl phthalate |
| MiBP | = | mono-isobutyl phthalate |
| MMP | = | mono-methyl phthalate |
| DnOP | = | di-n-octyl phthalate |
| LODs | = | limits of detection |
| SC | = | sport caught |
| WHO | = | World Health Organization |
| MEHP | = | mono(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate |
| MEOHP | = | mono (2-ethyl-5-oxohexyl) phthalate |
| MEHHP | = | mono (2-ethyl-5-hydroxlhexyl) phthalate |
| OR | = | odds ratios |
| TE | = | testosterone |