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Articles

Differentiating outdoor recreation: evidence drawn from national surveys in Scotland

Resumen

Résumé

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Pages 29-50 | Received 01 Sep 2009, Accepted 01 Nov 2009, Published online: 23 Mar 2010
 

Abstract

Outdoor recreation participation can be seen to fall into four identifiably different groups. Countryside outdoor recreation has been in decline for at least 25 years because of changing lifestyles and cultures, and targeted policy – which focuses heavily on the supply side – appears to have had little influence over consumption levels. Localised outdoor recreation is on the increase, accommodating ‘busier’ lives, in tandem with general national government policy health exhortations. Participation in community outdoor recreation, driven by community sport initiatives, health referral schemes and the notion of the ‘green gym’ has remained more or less static over time, for a variety of different reasons. Market‐based outdoor recreation participation fluctuates in line with changes in the economy, disposable incomes and commoditised cultures. Of these four outdoor recreation types in Scotland, localised outdoor recreation seems to offer the greatest potential for developing a more active Scottish population into the future, as part of policies concerned with exercise, diet, health and well‐being. It is likely, however, that this approach will predominantly benefit the higher social grades.

La participación en actividades recreativas al aire libre se puede clasificar en cuatro grupos. (1) Las actividades recreativas al aire libre en el campo, que han estado en declive durante al menos 25 años debido al cambio de los estilos de vida y la cultura y una política basada en objetivos, concentrada en gran medida en el lado de la oferta, parece que ha tenido poca influencia en los niveles de consumo. (2) Las actividades recreativas al aire libre en localizaciones concretas que están en ascenso, adaptándose a vidas más ‘ocupadas’, en tándem con la política general de exhortaciones por la salud del gobierno nacional. (3) La participación en actividades recreativas al aire libre en comunidad, dirigidas por iniciativas deportivas de la comunidad, esquemas de revisión sanitaria y la noción de una ‘gimnasia verde’, ha permanecido más o menos estática en el tiempo, debido a un conjunto de diferentes razones. (4) La participación en actividades recreativas al aire libre basadas en el mercado fluctúa en línea con los cambios en la economía, los ingresos disponibles y las culturas mercantilistas. De estos cuatro tipos de actividades recreativas al aire libre en Escocia, las actividades recreativas al aire libre en localizaciones concretas parecen ofrecer el mayor potencial para desarrollar una población escocesa más activa en el futuro, como parte de las políticas interesadas en el ejercicio, la dieta, la salud y el bienestar. Sin embargo, es probable, que esta aproximación sea beneficiosa fundamentalmente para las capas sociales más altas.

La participation aux activités récréatives tenues en plein air peut être associée aux quatre différents groupes identifiables. Suite au changements culturels et de mode de vie, les activités récréatives tenues en plein air à la campagne ont connu un déclin il y a au moins 25 ans, et la politique envisagée dont le point d’orgue est le côté de la mise en place des services publics, semble avoir très peu d’influence aux niveaux de la consommation. Les activités récréatives tenues localement en plein air connaissent un grand essor, tout en reflétant les exigences de la vie quotidienne toujours très chargée, conformément aux exhortations gouvernementales de la politique générale de santé. Depuis un certain temps, la participation aux activités récréatives communautaires encouragée par les initiatives communautaires sportives, aux plans d’orientation médicale et à la notion de ≪ « gymnastique verte »≫ reste plus ou moins immuable pour différentes raisons. La participation aux activités récréatives orientées vers le marché fluctue en fonction des changements économiques, des revenus disponibles et des cultures de marchandage. De ses quatre types d’activités récréatives tenues en plein air en Ecosse, l’activité récréative tenue localement semble offrir le plus grand potentiel pour le développement d’une population écossaise plus active dans l’avenir, comme faisant partie des politiques qui intègrent l’exercice, le régime alimentaire, la santé et le bien‐être. Cependant, il est probable que les couches sociales les plus aisées soient essentiellement celles qui pourront bénéficier de cette approche.

Acknowledgement

This research was conducted with a grant from SNH. The views contained here, however, do not necessarily represent the views of SNH, and any errors or omissions remain the responsibility of the authors and not the funding body.

Notes

1. This is a ‘British’ term that more globally would pertain to outdoor recreation that takes place in rural areas beyond the town. This definition is consistent with most of the countryside recreation visitor surveys conducted in the UK since the late 1970s.

2. All of these surveys are based on people’s own interpretation of the meaning of outdoor recreation. They are of the Scottish adult (16 and over) resident population only. Two surveys were conducted in 2005 (termed A and B in Figure ), as part of a decision to change the format of some of the questions in the survey. TNS Travel and Tourism (Citation2008, p. 4) suggest that revisions to the questionnaire are more likely to be the cause of the time series differences within 2005, than change in behaviour patterns per se.

3. The notion of ‘choice’ being a contested one.

4. Burton and Turrell (Citation2000) found that those in blue‐collar occupations were around 50% more likely than white‐collar occupations to be classified as insufficiently active for health in a way that was not explained by hours worked. These are crucial issues for Scotland, where it is recognised that social inclusion issues substantially influence health (Scottish Government, Citation2008).

5. Often referred to as green and open spaces, therapeutic landscapes or green infrastructure.

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