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Articles

Impacts of political instability on the tourism industry in Ukraine

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Pages 100-127 | Received 23 Feb 2016, Accepted 20 Jun 2016, Published online: 18 Jul 2016
 

ABSTRACT

The purpose of this research paper is to learn about how the tourism industry in Ukraine has been hit by the political instability in the country and how it has reacted to mitigate its negative consequences. The data were collected via a self-administered questionnaire completed by 102 hotel managers and 73 travel agency managers in Ukraine. Mann–Whitney U-test, Kruskal–Wallis χ2 test, and t-test were used to analyse differences in respondents’ answers by category, size, location, region, and chain affiliation of hotels. Mann–Whitney U-test was used to investigate the differences in travel agency managers’ responses on the basis of licence type, region, main market segment, and IATA certification of the agency. The findings confirm previous research results that political instability leads to negative impacts on the tourism industry of a country – decreased revenues, plummeting numbers of tourists and overnights, and increased costs. This was valid not only for the regions that were neighbouring the conflict areas, but for the rest of country as well, although the former were more severely hit by the political instability than the latter. The findings further revealed differential effect of the political instability on the accommodation establishments and travel agencies on the basis of their characteristics. This is the first-known survey of the tourism industry in Ukraine following the political turmoil of 2014 that illustrates the impact of the political instability to the tourism industry, as well as elaborates the tactics that hoteliers and travel agency managers in Ukraine are taking to counteract the shock.

RÉSUMÉ

Le but de cette étude c’est de mieux comprendre l’impact de l’instabilité politique qu’a connue l’Ukraine sur l'industrie du tourisme et les mesures mises en place pour en atténuer les conséquences négatives sur le pays. Les données d’analyse ont été recueillies au moyen d'un questionnaire rempli librement par 102 directeurs d'hôtels et 73 responsables d'agences de Voyage en Ukraine. En vue d’analyser les différences entre les réponses des participants rangées par les variables de la catégorie, la taille, l’emplacement, la région et l’affiliation à la chaîne hôtelière, on a fait recours aux tests non paramétriques, dont le test de Mann-Whitney ou le test-U, de Kruskal-Wallis ou le test des χ2, ainsi que le test-T. Le Test-U de Mann-Whitney a été utilisé pour étudier les différences entre les réponses des responsables d’agences de voyage en fonction du type de licence d’exploitation, de région, de la niche de marché, ainsi que de la certification de l'Association internationale du transport aérien (AITA). Cette étude confirme les résultats des recherches précédentes selon lesquels l'instabilité politique génère les effets négatifs sur l'industrie du tourisme d'un pays, notamment la baisse des revenus, la chute significative du nombre de touristes et de nuitées, et une augmentation des coûts opérationnels. Ce constat a été une évidence, non seulement dans les zones de combat, mais aussi dans le reste du pays, quoique les régions de conflits aient été plus sévèrement touchées par l'instabilité politique qu’ailleurs. En fin de compte, les résultats ont également révélé l'effet différentiel de l'instabilité politique sur les établissements d'hébergement et les agences de voyage en fonction de leurs caractéristiques. Cette étude est la première du genre menée sur l'industrie du tourisme en Ukraine après la crise politique de 2014. Elle souligne l'impact de l'instabilité politique et identifient des tactiques que les hôteliers et les gestionnaires d'agences de Voyage en Ukraine utilisent pour désamorcer le choc.

MOTS-CLÉS l'Ukraine; instabilité politique; crise; hôtel; agence de Voyage

摘要

这篇文章的目的是探究乌克兰国家政治的不稳定如何给该国的旅游业带来冲击以及旅游业如何对此作出回应以减轻其产生的消极影响。本研究是通过自填式问卷调查的方法收集数据,完成问卷的是乌克兰102位宾馆经理和73位旅行社经理。他们在宾馆的类别、规模、位置、地区以及连锁机构这几个方面给出的不同答案通过Mann-Whitney U检验、Kruskal-Wallis χ2 检验和t检验予以分析。Mann-Whitney U检验被用来调查旅行社经理就执照类型、地区、主要市场分割和旅行社IATA证书方面给出的不同回应。本研究的结果证实了以前的研究成果,即政治不稳定给一个国家的旅游业带来消极影响——收入减少、游客和过夜旅行数量急剧下降以及成本增加。这个研究结果不仅适用于冲突地区的周边地方,也适用于这个国家的其他地区,只不过前者比后者受的政治冲击更严重。本研究还揭示了由于住宿的位置和旅行社的特征,政治不稳定对其会产生不同的影响。本研究是继2014年乌克兰政治骚乱之后第一个针对乌克兰旅游业的问卷调查,其不仅证明了政治不稳定对旅游业的影响,也呈现了乌克兰宾馆经营者和旅行社经理应对这种冲击的策略。

关键词 乌克兰;政治不稳定;危机;宾馆;旅行社

RESUMEN

El propósito de este trabajo de investigación es aprender sobre cómo la industria del turismo en Ucrania ha sido golpeada por la inestabilidad política del país y cómo ha reaccionado para mitigar sus consecuencias negativas. Los datos fueron recogidos mediante cuestionarios auto-administrados completados por 102 directivos de hotel y 73 directivos de agencias de viaje. Los tests de U Mann-Whitney, Kruskal-Wallis χ2 y la prueba-t se utilizaron para analizar las diferencias en las respuestas por categoría, tamaño, localización, región y cadena de pertenencia de los hoteles. El test U de Mann-Whitney fue utilizado para investigar las diferencias en las respuestas de los directores de agencias de viaje en función del tipo del licencia, región, principal segmento de mercado y la certificación IATA de la agencia. Los resultados confirman los de investigaciones previas que indican que la inestabilidad política conduce a impactos negativos en la industria turística de un país – descenso de los ingresos, desplome del número de turistas y pernoctaciones e incremento de los costes. Esto era válido no sólo para las regiones vecinas a las áreas de conflicto sino también para el resto del país, aunque las primeras eran más duramente golpeadas por la inestabilidad política que las segundas. Los resultados revelaban además un efecto diferencial de la inestabilidad política en los establecimientos de alojamiento y las agencias de viaje en función de sus características. Esta es la primera investigación conocida sobre la industria turística en Ucrania tras el desorden político de 2014 que ilustra el impacto de la inestabilidad política en la industria turística así como la primera que elabora las tácticas que directores de hoteles y agencias de viaje en Ucrania están llevando a cabo para contrarrestar el golpe.

PALABRAS CLAVE Ucrania; inestabilidad política; crisis; hotel; agencia de viajes

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Erratum

Notes on contributors

Dr Stanislav Ivanov is a Professor in Tourism Economics and Vice Rector (Research) in Varna University of Management, Bulgaria. He is the Editor-in-chief of the European Journal of Tourism Research (http://ejtr.vumk.eu) and serves on the editorial boards of 25 other journals. His research interests include destination marketing, tourism and economic growth, political issues in tourism, and special interest tourism. His publications have appeared in different academic journals – Annals of Tourism Research, Tourism Management, Tourism Management Perspectives, Tourism Economics, Journal of Heritage Tourism, Tourism and Hospitality Research, Tourism Planning and Development, Journal of Hospitality Marketing and Management, and other journals.

Margarita Gavrilina graduated the BA (Hons) International Hospitality Management programme at Varna University of Management, Bulgaria, with a first-class degree. Margarita has conducted a number of tourism-related research projects during her studies. She has participated in several intensive programmes as international exchange student in Finland and Lithuania, such as “Conference Tourism as a Remedy for a Low-season Tourism Market” and “Gastronomic Heritage Tourism – Entrepreneurship and Innovative Marketing”.

Craig Webster is an Assistant Professor of Event Management at Ball State University, USA. He studied Government and German Literature at St. Lawrence University in New York State, received an MA and Ph.D. in Political Science from Binghamton University in New York State and an MBA Intercollege, Cyprus. His research interests include the political economy of tourism, public opinion analysis, human rights, and comparative foreign policy. Dr Webster is the Editor-in-Chief of Tourism Today and a Co-Editor of the Cyprus Review. He has published in many peer-reviewed journals internationally and co-edited Routledge’s book Future tourism: Political, social, and economic challenges.

Vladyslav Ralko (MBA) is an Assistant Professor in Varna University of Management, Bulgaria. He teaches Marketing Communications and Project Management. His research interests include sustainability, marketing, waste and energy management. His background also includes conducting field research in hotel pricing management.

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