Residues of sulfadiazine and doxycycline in egg matrices due to cross-contamination in the feed of laying hens and the possible correlation with physicochemical, pharmacokinetic and physiological parameters

Abstract

In the poultry industry, the widespread use of veterinary drugs such as antimicrobial compounds may lead to the presence of residues in whole eggs, egg white and egg yolk. During this study, laying hens received experimental feed containing sulfadiazine or doxycycline at cross-contamination levels of 2.5%, 5% and 10% of the therapeutic concentration. Since the therapeutic dose is 250 mg kg⁻¹ for both substances, cross-contamination concentrations in the feed of 6.25, 12.5 and 25 mg kg⁻¹ were expected. Whole egg, egg white and egg yolk samples were collected during the treatment and depletion period and were analysed via liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. For both drugs, a plateau phase was reached within 3–5 days and residue concentrations were detected in all egg matrices. For the 10% cross-contamination group, residual sulfadiazine concentrations of 208, 299 and 60 µg kg⁻¹ and residual doxycycline concentrations of 455, 332, 206 µg kg⁻¹ were detected in whole egg, egg white and egg yolk on day 13 of the treatment period, respectively. Both sulfadiazine and doxycycline had higher concentrations in egg white than in egg yolk, but the egg white–egg yolk ratio was higher for sulfadiazine than for doxycycline. As neither drug is allowed in Belgium for use in laying hens, residues may pose food safety concerns.

Keywords:

• chromatography – LC/MS
• animal products
• veterinary drug residues – transmission
• veterinary drug residues – sulphonamides
• veterinary drug residues – tetracycline
• animal feed
• eggs

Acknowledgements

Special thanks go to the authors’ laboratory personnel for their help with the LC/MS-MS analyses: P. de Neve, P. van Herreweghe, E. Verween, L. Batjoens and S. Degroote of ILVO's Technology and Food Unit; and A. Maes and M. Geerinck of Ghent University. The authors also would like to thank the animal care takers for their help with the experiments: B. Claeys, M. de Cock, J. de Deken, A. de Ruyver, D. Derore, C. Eeckhout and G. van den Bossche of ILVO's Animal Science Unit; and to M. Levenson for English language editing of this manuscript.