Reduction of mycotoxins in white pepper

Abstract

A simple method for the reduction of aflatoxins B₁ (AFB₁), B₂ (AFB₂), G₁ (AFG₁), G₂ (AFG₂) and ochratoxin A (OTA) in white pepper was studied. Response surface methodology (RSM) was applied to determine the effect of four variables, which included time (20–60 min), temperature (30–70°C), calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)₂) (0–1%) and hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) (1–3%) during the washing step of white pepper. The efficacy of the method was evaluated by the determination of mycotoxins by HPLC with fluorescence detection (FD). Statistical analysis showed that the experimental data could be adequately fitted into a second-order polynomial model, with a multiple regression coefficient (R ²) in the range of 0.805–0.907 for AFG₂ and AFG₁, respectively. The optimal condition was 57.8 min, 62.0°C, of 0.6% (w/v) and 2.8% (v/v) for time, temperature, Ca(OH)₂ and H₂O₂ respectively. By applying the optimum condition, the mycotoxins reduction was found to be in the range of 68.5–100% for AFB₂ and AFG₁ respectively.

Keywords:

• aflatoxin
• ochratoxin A
• white pepper
• reduction
• response surface methodology

Acknowledgements

The authors acknowledge the Universiti Putra Malaysia for sponsoring this research under RUGS Project No. 02/01/070024RU.