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Original Articles

Paralytic toxin profile of the marine dinoflagellate Gymnodinium catenatum Graham from the Mexican Pacific as revealed by LC-MS/MS

, , , , , , & show all
Pages 381-394 | Received 09 Oct 2014, Accepted 14 Dec 2014, Published online: 16 Feb 2015
 

Abstract

The paralytic shellfish toxin (PST) profiles of Gymnodinium catenatum Graham have been reported for several strains from the Pacific coast of Mexico cultured under different laboratory conditions, as well as from natural populations. Up to 15 saxitoxin analogues occurred and the quantity of each toxin depended on the growth phase and culture conditions. Previous analysis of toxin profiles of G. catenatum isolated from Mexico have been based on post-column oxidation liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection (LC-FLD), a method prone to artefacts and non-specificity, leading to misinterpretation of toxin composition. We describe, for the first time, the complete toxin profile for several G. catenatum strains from diverse locations of the Pacific coast of Mexico. The new results confirmed previous reports on the dominance of the less potent sulfocarbamoyl toxins (C1/2); significant differences, however, in the composition (e.g., absence of saxitoxin, gonyautoxin 2/3 and neosaxitoxin) were revealed in our confirmatory analysis. The LC-MS/MS analyses also indicated at least seven putative benzoyl toxin analogues and provided support for their existence. This new toxin profile shows a high similarity (> 80%) to the profiles reported from several regions around the world, suggesting low genetic variability among global populations.

Acknowledgements

The authors thank Ira Fogel of CIBNOR for editorial services and suggestions. S. Quijano-Scheggia, M. C. Rodríguez-Palacio and CODIMAR kindly provided Gymnodinium catenatum strains for this study. The authors thank the anonymous reviewers for suggestions made during the edition of this manuscript.

Additional information

Funding

This project was funded by institution projects [PC 0.11 and 0.12 of CIBNOR, SIP 2014-1469 of CICIMAR-IPN] and the Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología [SEP-CONACYT 178227]. C.J.B.S. is an EDI-IPN and COFFA-IPN fellow. L.M.D.R. is a recipient of a BEIFI and CONACYT 65354 fellowship. Additional funding was provided by the HGF (Helmholtz Association of German Research Centres) through the research programme PACES II.

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