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Abstract
This paper describes a method for the determination of 41 antibiotics from seven different classes in gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata) by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS). Sulfonamides, trimethoprim, tetracyclines, macrolides, quinolones, penicillins and chloramphenicol were simultaneously determined. Fourteen procedures for sample treatment were tested and an extraction with acetonitrile and ethylenediaminetetra acetic acid was found to be the best option. The methodology was validated in accordance with Decision 2002/657/EC. Precision in terms of relative standard deviation (RSD) was under 17% for all compounds, and the recoveries ranged from 92% to 111%. CCα and CCβ were determined according to the maximum residue limit or the minimum required performance limit, when necessary. The validation provided evidence that the method was suitable for application in routine analysis for the detection and confirmation of antibiotics in muscle of gilthead sea bream, an important and intensively produced fish in aquaculture.
Graphical Abstract
Funding
This work was funded by FEDER through the Operational Program for Competitiveness Factors – COMPETE, through FCT – the Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology – under project PTDC/AGR-ALI/122119/2010 and the grant attributed to Sara Leston [grant number SFRH/BPD/91828/2012].