Evaluating three commonly used growth media for assessing fumonisin analogues FB_1, FB₂ and FB₃ production by nine Fusarium verticillioides isolates

ABSTRACT

Maize is most often infected by the fumonisin-producing Fusarium verticillioides. Total fumonisins of natural infected grain is made up of FB₁, FB₂ and FB₃ with FB₁ occurring naturally at higher levels. A maize plant can be infected with more than one F. verticillioides isolate, and finding a reliable method to elucidate the toxigenic potential of these isolates is important to extrapolate the possible fumonisin risk to consumers of grain. It is not clear whether F. verticillioides produces similar fumonisin levels, as well as fumonisin analogue ratios, across media. In this study, nine F. verticillioides isolates were subjected to three methods of fumonisin testing using liquid media, maize patties and a field trial (silk inoculation of grain) in Potchefstroom, South Africa. Spore concentrations of 1 × 10⁶ conidia ml^–1 of each isolate were used to inoculate the different media and levels fumonisin analogues were measured using HPLC. Fumonisin production per isolate was highly variable and was influenced by the two-way interaction of F. verticillioides isolate × growth media. Total fumonisins produced in the liquid medium ranged from 0 to 21.3 ppm, on maize patties fumonisins they ranged from 0 to 21.5 ppm, and in the silk inoculation technique they ranged from 0 to 15.5 ppm. The fumonisin analogue FB₁ occurred at higher levels followed by FB₃ in both in vitro studies. In the silk inoculation technique, fumonisin analogue FB₂ was the second highest occurring analogue after FB₁. Isolate GCI 282 produced higher FB₂ and FB₃ levels than FB₁ in the patties and grain, respectively. In order not to miscalculate the fumonisin and analogue ratio levels per F. verticillioides isolate, the growth medium will have to be optimised for each isolate and more than one growth medium used.

KEYWORDS:

• Fusarium verticillioides
• fumonisins
• fumonisin analogue
• liquid media
• maize patties
• silk inoculation

Acknowledgements

The authors thank the technical support staff at the ARC-GCI (Potchefstroom, South Africa), for assistance in the field trial; and Ms Liesl Morey (ARC-Biometry Unit, Pretoria, South Africa) for statistical analysis.

Disclosure statement

No potential conflict of interest was reported by the authors.

Additional information

Funding

The authors thank the Maize Trust of South Africa for funding.