FT-NIR spectroscopy coupled with multivariate analysis for detection of starch adulteration in turmeric powder

ABSTRACT

This paper investigates the feasibility of Fourier transform near-infrared (FT-NIR) spectroscopy, a fast and easy method based on chemometric methods to detect corn starch illegally added to turmeric powder. In this work, the pure turmeric powders were blended with corn starch to generate different concentrations (1–30%)(w/w) of starch-adulterated turmeric samples. The reflectance spectra of total of 224 samples were taken by FT-NIR spectroscopy. The exploratory data analysis was done by principal component analysis (PCA). The starch related peaks were selected by variable importance in projection (VIP) method and were explored by examination of original reflectance spectra, 1^st derivative spectra, PCA loadings and β coefficients plot of the partial least square regression (PLSR) model. The coefficient of determination (R²) and root-mean-square error of partial least square regression (PLSR) models were found to be 0.91–0.99 and 0.23–1.3%, respectively, depending on the pre-processing techniques of spectral data. The figure of merit (FOM) of the model was found with the help of net analyte signal (NAS) theory.

Graphical Abstract

KEYWORDS:

• Turmeric powder
• adulteration
• starch
• FT-NIR spectroscopy
• PCA
• PLSR
• FOM

Conflict of Interest

The author(s) declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.

Additional information

Funding

This research did not receive any specific grant from funding agencies in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors.