Seasonal and geographical variations in insecticide and miticide residues in hop samples produced across three hop-growing regions in the Czech Republic during the years 2018–2020

Abstract

The aim of this study was to determine the presence of zoocide (insecticide and miticide) residues in hops collected in three hop-growing regions located in the Czech Republic, and to assess their zoocide profiles and residue levels in terms of variability in temperature and precipitation across the 2018–2020 seasons. Furthermore, the weather factors that influenced the occurrence of hop pests are described and discussed. During our 3-year survey, a total of 120 samples of whole-cone hops samples harvested in three hop-growing regions were analysed for the presence of 29 insecticides and miticides using the modified QuEChERS extraction method, followed by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry and gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. A majority, 119 of 120 samples, contained a residue of at least one of the active substances surveyed in this study, and 34 analysed samples contained multiple residues with three to four zoocides presented. Concerning the most frequently detected zoocide residues, spirotetramat and/or its metabolites were found in 94.2% of the samples at levels ranging from 0.02 to 1.08 mg/kg. Of the other zoocides surveyed, residues of fenpyroximate, hexythiazox, bifenazate and lambda-cyhalothrin were routinely found in hop cone samples. Obtained data were then used for evaluating seasonal and geographical variations in the profile of zoocide residues among the hop-growing regions in the years 2018–2020, and the compliance with legal regulations concerning the use of zoocides on hops was ascertained. The results showed that (1) the profile and levels of zoocide residues found in the samples reflected seasonal prevalence of pest infestation on hop plants; (2) the strategy to control pests (especially aphids) used in most of hop yards was consistent across the seasons; and (3) a concentration of spirotetramat residues less than 1 mg/kg was typical for hops grown in the Czech Republic.

Keywords:

• Insecticides
• miticides
• residues
• MRL
• damson-hop aphid
• two-spotted spider mite
• alfalfa snout beetle
• hop flea beetle

Author contributions

M.D. designed and performed LC-MS experiments and analysed the data; K.K. performed GC-MS/MS experiments; M.D. and J.V. wrote the manuscript with support from V.J. and K.K.; all authors subsequently contributed to the review of the article.

Disclosure statement

The authors have declared no conflicts of interest.

Additional information

Funding

The study was supported by the Ministry of Agriculture of the Czech Republic within an Institutional Support for the Development of Research Organisation MZE-RO 1920 and MZE-RO 1322. The financial support from the project SVV260560 of Charles University is gratefully acknowledged.