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Notes
Balanche, La region alaouite et le pouvoir syrien.
The casualty figures for Hama remain disputed and range between 10 and 40,000.
‘Governor Iyad Ghazal outlines his “Dream of Homs”’, Wikileaks.
Balanche, ‘Geographie de la revolte syrienne’, Outre-Terre, Octobre–Decembre 2011, pp.437–458.
Rania Abouzeid, ‘Who Will the Tribes Back in Syria's Civil War?’, Time, 10 October 2012, http://world.time.com/2012/10/10/who-will-thetribes-back-in-syrias-civil-war/.
Interviews with several tribal leaders from the Deir Ez-Zor and Raqqah provinces, Doha and Antakya, September 2011 and April 2012.
Interviews with Kurdish activists from the KNC and SNC, Istanbul, April 2012, and Beirut, November 2012.
Marlin Dick, ‘Swaida: resistance in quiet part of Syria’, The Daily Star, 8 January 2013, http://www.dailystar.com.lb/News/MiddleEast/2013/Jan-08/201228-swaidaresistance-in-quiet-part-of-syria.ashx#axzz2IS2lpUX1.
See: ‘Muthahirat madinat al-salmiyya’, YouTube, 1 April 2011, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JoidN8Didxo; ‘Tathahirat madinat al-salmiyya – Hama juma'at “lan nirka'a”, YouTube, 12 August 2011, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uZoeG98c0-8; and ‘Bidayat al-tashbi’ al-shahid jamal ali al-fakhuri’, YouTube, 30 June 2012, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gK4kjNsyUrM.
A popular theory among some Levantine intellectual and political circles holds that minorities (Christians, Shia, Alawites and Druze) need to unify politically to fend off the Sunni majority, pejoratively and simplistically referred to as a ‘Sea of Sunnis’. See: Emile Hokayem, ‘A simplistic sectarian lens magnifies extremist agenda’, The National, 30 July 2012, http://www.thenational.ae/thenationalconversation/comment/a-simplistic-sectarian-lens-magnifies-extremist-agenda.
Andrew Gilligan, ‘Assad: challenge Syria at your peril’, The Telegraph, 29 October 2011, http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/middleeast/syria/8857898/Assadchallenge-Syria-at-your-peril.html.
Loveday Morris, ‘Assad's Lionesses: the female last line in the battle for Syria’, The Independent, 22 January 2013, http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/assadslionesses-the-female-last-line-inthe-battle-for-syria-8462221.html.
Khaled Yacoub Oweis and Mohammed Abbas, ‘Syrian rebels fire at, miss Assad's palace’, Reuters, 7 November 2012, http://in.reuters.com/article/2012/11/07/syria-damascusbombs-idINDEE8A603020121107.
Interviews with Christian and Alawite businessmen, Beirut, November 2011 and June 2012.
‘Chroniques du délitement. 2 / Règlement de comptes à Qardaha, antre de la famille Al Assad’, Le Monde, 1 October 2012, http://syrie.blog.lemonde.fr/2012/10/01/chroniquesdu-delitement-2-reglement-de-comptes-a-qardahaantre-de-la-famille-al-assad/.
Interviews with Sunni, Christian and Alawite middleand upperclass professionals, Beirut, May and November 2011, and Dubai, May and November 2012.
Interviews with Syrian and Lebanese Druze, Beirut, January and July 2012.
‘Syrian president grants citizenship to Kurds’, The Telegraph, 7 April 2011, http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/middleeast/syria/8435041/Syrian-presidentgrants-citizenship-to-Kurds.html.
Prime Minister Riyad Hijab, appointed in June 2012, defected in August and was quickly replaced. ‘Syrian Prime Minister Riad Hijab defects’, BBC News, 6 August 2012, http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-19146380.
‘Syria says voters approve new constitution’, Ahram Online, 27 February 2012, http://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/2/8/35548/World/Region/Syria-says-votersapprove-new-constitution.aspx.
‘Syria Says Voter Turnout 51 Percent in Boycotted Election’, Voice of America, 15 May 2012, http://www.voanews.com/content/syria_voter_turnout_election/666503.html.
Neil MacFarquhar ‘Syrians Vote in Election Dismissed by Foes as a Farce’, The New York Times, 7 May 2012, http://www.nytimes.com/2012/05/08/world/middleeast/syrians-votein-parliamentary-elections.html?pagewanted=all&_r=0.
The Military Balance 2013, (Abingdon: Routledge for the IISS, 2013).
‘Syria: Foreign intervention still debated, but distant’, IISS Strategic Comments, vol. 18, no. 28, September 2012, http://www.iiss.org/publications/strategic-comments/past-issues/volume-18-2012/september/syriaforeign-intervention-still-debatedbut-distant/.
Suleiman Al-Khalidi, ‘Syria's warbattered pound floats on rebel funds', Reuters, 23 December 2012, http://www.reuters.com/article/2012/12/23/us-syria-crisis-currencyidUSBRE8BM05920121223.
Interviews with: European officials London, July 2012; and Paris, October 2012; and Arab officials, Manama, December 2012.
Interviews with Syrian businessmen, Beirut, November 2011 and July 2012, and Dubai, May 2012.
Michael Peel, ‘Syria central banker rebuts crisis claims’, Financial Times, 4 October 2012, http://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/0/348f2c140cb1-11e2-a73c-00144feabdc0.html#axzz2LAV1d8Mm.
Peel, ‘Syria finds means of financial survival’, Financial Times, 12 February 2013, http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/1bc9ad286a1f-11e2-a7d2-00144feab49a.html#axzz2RPWYbAhb.