Chapter Three: The rise of the opposition

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Notes

Full text of the Damascus Declaration available in English at: Syria Comment, 1 November 2005, http://faculty-staff.ou.edu/L/Joshua.M.Landis-1/syriablog/2005/11/damascus-declaration-inenglish.htm.

‘Syria: Harsh Sentence for Prominent Rights Lawyer’, Human Rights Watch, 25 April 2007, http://www.hrw.org/news/2007/04/24/syria-harsh-sentence-prominentrights-lawyer.

Pierret, ‘The role of the mosque in the Syrian revolution’, Near East Quarterly, 20 March 2012, http://www.neareastquarterly.com/index.php/2012/03/20/the-role-of-themosque-in-the-syrian-revolution/.

‘The Syrian National Initiative’, Carnegie Middle East Center, 1 November 2012, http://carnegiemec.org/publications/?fa=49872.

MacFarquhar and Micheal R. Gordon, ‘As Fighting Rages, Clinton Seeks New Syrian Opposition’, The New York Times, 31 October 2012, http://www.nytimes.com/2012/11/01/world/middleeast/syrianair-raids-increase-as-battle-for-strategic-areas-intensifies-rebelssay.html?_r=0.

‘Moaz al-Khatib: letter to the Christians of Syria’, Carnegie Middle East Center, 1 January2013 , http://carnegiemec.org/publications/?fa=50728.

‘Moaz al-Khatib yurid 3 miliarat dular li-ta'sis hukuma intiqaliyya’, YouTube, 24 January 2013, http://youtu.be/5gCa9Ir_2DE.

‘Group Denial: Repression of Kurdish Political and Cultural Rights in Syria’, Human Rights Watch, 26 November 2009, http://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/reports/syria1109web_0.pdf.

‘Burhan Ghalioun: There is no such thing as Syrian Kurdistan’, Rudaw, 17 April 2012, http://www.kurdnas.com/en/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=449:burhan-ghalioun-there-is-no-suchthing-as-syrian-kurdistan&catid=3:newsflash&Itemid=54.

Lauren Williams, ‘Inter-Kurdish tensions mounting against FSA’, The Daily Star, 20 November 2012, http://www.dailystar.com.lb/News/Middle-East/2012/Nov-20/195610inter-kurdish-tensions-mountingagainst-fsa.ashx#axzz2IRvWXxue.

‘Syria: FSA's Statement about Geneva Convention for Treating Prisoners’, YouTube, 2 August 2012, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NxWyIeEgtMg.

Email exchange with senior humanitarian official, and reported conversation with ICRC official, Davos, February 2013, https://twitter.com/chipmanj/status/295155812593197057.

‘Syria's Secular and Islamist Rebels: Who Are the Saudis and the Qataris Arming?’, Time Magazine, 18 September 2012, http://world.time.com/2012/09/18/syrias-secular-andislamist-rebels-who-are-the-saudisand-the-qataris-arming/.

See the Facebook page for the Islamic Syrian Front: https://www.facebook.com/Islamic.Syrian.Front/posts/136004689894218.

Interview with rebel commander, Antakya, April 2012.

Interview with French security official, Paris, October 2012.

Interview with rebel commander, Maarat an-Nu'man (Syria), October 2012.

Abigail Fielding-Smith, ‘Syria rebels exploit rivals’ successes', Financial Times, 3 December 2012, http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/5da95558-3d16-11e2-9e13-00144feabdc0.html#axzz2J1SmeSel.

Interviews with members of the Syrian diaspora, Doha, September 2012, and Dubai, November 2012.

‘La chute d'Al-Mouchat’, Le Monde, 6 January 2013.

‘Syria: End Opposition Use of Torture, Executions’, Human Rights Watch, 17 September 2012, http://www.hrw.org/news/2012/09/17/syria-end-opposition-use-tortureexecutions.

For an essential look at Syria's Sunni clerical milieu and its interaction with the Assad regime, see: Pierret, Baas et Islam en Syrie. La dynastie Assad face aux oulémas (Paris: PUF, 2011).

See: Pierret, ‘The role of the mosque in the Syrian revolution’.

For a look at the diversity of Islamist trends in the early stages of the Syrian uprising, see: Pierret, ‘Syrie: l'islam dans la revolution’, Politique étrangère, vol. 76, no. 4, Hiver 2011, pp. 879–891.

Ruth Sherlock and Richard Spencer, ‘Muslim Brotherhood establishes militia inside Syria’, The Telegraph, 3 August 2012, http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/middleeast/syria/9450587/MuslimBrotherhood-establishes-militiainside-Syria.html.

Jason Burke, ‘Al-Qaida leader Zawahiri urges Muslim support for Syrian uprising’, The Guardian, 12 February 2012, http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2012/feb/12/alqaida-zawahiri-support-syrianuprising.

Ibid.

Ghaith Abdul-Ahad, ‘Syria: the foreign fighters joining the war against Bashar al-Assad’, The Guardian, 23 September 2012, http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2012/sep/23/syria-foreign-fightersjoining-war.

Interview with French official, Paris, October 2012.

Mary Fitzgerald, ‘The Syrian rebels' Libyan Weapon’, Foreign Policy, 9 August 2012, http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2012/08/09/the_syrian_rebels_libyan_weapon.

‘Mu’assasat al-minara al-bayda tuqaddam: Halab … Ma'rakat al-‘Ezz’, YouTube, 13 December 2012, http://youtu.be/LBnMHnZBZzA.

‘Zarqawi brother-in-law killed in Syria: Jordan Salafist’, The Daily Star, 17 January 2013, http://www.dailystar.com.lb/News/MiddleEast/2013/Jan-17/202659-zarqawibrother-in-law-killed-in-syriajordan-salafist.ashx.

Aaron Y. Zelin, ‘The Syrian Islamic Front's Order of Battle’, al-Wasat, 22 January 2013, http://thewasat.wordpress.com/2013/01/22/syrianislamic-fronts-order-of-battle/.

See: ‘Ajil: Kata'ib halab yarfudun al-i'tilaf wa yattafiqun ‘ala ta’sis dawla islamiyya’, a video posted on the Facebook page of the group ‘Da'm tarshid wa tawjih al-thawra fi wijh nitham al-'abth al-suri’, https://www.facebook.com/photo.php?v=113081425522913.