Chapter Five: Syria in the international context

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Notes

David Ignatius, ‘The Arab revolution grows up’, The Washington Post, 2 February 2011, http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2011/02/01/AR2011020106351.html.

Haddad, ‘Why Syria is unlikely to be next… for now’, Arab Reform Bulletin, 9 March2011, http://carnegieendowment.org/2011/03/09/whysyria-is-unlikely-to-be-next-.-.-.-fornow/6bhl; and Michael Broning, ‘The sturdy house Assad built’, Foreign Affairs, 7 March 2011, http://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/67561/michael-broening/the-sturdy-housethat-assadbuilt.

Interview with European diplomat, Damascus, May 2011.

For more on the EU-Syria relationship, see: Michael Elleman, Dina Esfandiary and Emile Hokayem, ‘Syria's Proliferation Challenge and the European Union's Response’, Non-Proliferation Paper, no. 20, July 2012, http://www.sipri.org/research/disarmament/eu-consortium/publications/Nonproliferationpaper-20.

Elleman, Esfandiary and Hokayem, ‘Syria's Proliferation Challenge and the European Union's Response’.

‘Senator John Kerry on U.S. Policy Toward the Middle East’, Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, 16 March 2011, http://www.carnegieendowment.org/2011/03/16/senator-john-kerry-on-u.s.policy-toward-middle-east/1fd.

Dina Hughes, ‘As Syria Conflict Rages On, Clinton's Rhetoric Intensifies’, ABC News, 13 June 2012, http://abcnews.go.com/Politics/syria-conflict-rages-clintons-rhetoric-intensifies/story?id=16561069#.UIvKJY6CgWk.

Nicole Gaouette, ‘Clinton says US won't intervene in Syria, sees progress in Libya fight’, Bloomberg News, 28 March 2011, http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2011-0327/u-s-won-t-intervene-in-syriaunrest-clinton-says-on-cbs.html.

‘Secretary Clinton meets with EU High Representative Ashton’, U.S. Department of State Official Blog, 17 May 2011, http://blogs.state.gov/index.php/site/entry/clinton_ashton_syria_libya.

‘Obama's Speech on U.S. Policies in Middle East and North Africa’, Office of the Press Secretary, The White House, 19 May 2011, http://iipdigital.usembassy.gov/st/english/texttrans/2011/05/20110519124857su0.5616201.html#ixzz2Rx6bEeAB.

‘Al-safir al-amriki: Biladi tad'am hiwaran bayna al-mu‘rida al-suriyya w-al-nizam li-inha’ al-azma’, al-Arabiya, 21 June 2011, http://www.alarabiya.net/articles/2011/06/21/154269.html.

Macon Phillips, ‘President Obama: “The future of Syria must be determined by its people, but President Bashar al-Assad is standing in their way”’, The White House Blog, 18 August 2011, http://www.whitehouse.gov/blog/2011/08/18/president-obama-future-syriamust-be-determined-its-peoplepresident-bashar-al-assad.

‘Confronting Damascus: U.S. Policy Toward the Evolving Situation in Syria’, testimony given to this hearing at the U.S. House Foreign Affairs Subcommittee on the Middle East and South Asia, 14 December 2011.

Mohamed Fadel Fahmy, ‘Arab League calls for unity government in Syria’, CNN.com, 23 January 2012, http://edition.cnn.com/2012/01/22/world/meast/syria-unrest.

‘General Assembly Adopts Resolution Strongly Condemning “Widespread and Systematic” Human Rights Violations by Syrian Authorities’, UN Department of Public Information, 16 February 2012, http://www.un.org/News/Press/docs/2012/ga11207.doc.htm.

‘Action Group for Syria: Final Communiqué’, UN Action Group for Syria, 30 June 2012, http://www.un.org/News/dh/infocus/Syria/FinalCommuniqueActionGroupforSyria.pdf.

Kofi Annan, ‘My departing advice on how to save Syria’, Financial Times, 2 August 2012, http://www.ft.com/cms/s/2/b00b6ed4-dbc911e1-8d78-00144feab49a.html.

Henry Meyer, ‘UN Envoy Warns of Syria “Hell” as Beheaded Bodies Found’, Bloomberg News, 31 December 2012, http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2012-12-30/syrian-forces-retake-town-as-un-sbrahimi-warns-of-hell-.html.

Ellen Barry, ‘Insisting on Assad's Exit Will Cost More Lives, Russian Says’, The New York Times, 29 December 2012, http://www.nytimes.com/2012/12/30/world/middleeast/syria.html?_r=0.

‘Humanitarian Intervention in Syria: The Legal Basis’, Public International Law & Policy Group, July 2012, http://publicinternationallawandpolicygroup.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/08/PILPG-TheLegal-Basis-for-HumanitarianIntervention-in-Syria.pdf.

Paragraphs 138 and 139 of the 2005 World Summit Outcome, adopted 15 September 2005 by the United Nations General Assembly. Full text available: http://responsibilitytoprotect.org/world%20summit%20outcome%20doc%202005%281%29.pdf.

‘Data suggests Syria death toll could be more than 60,000, says UN human rights office’, UN News Centre, 2 January 2013, http://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=43866#.USIOdfImTtg.

See the ‘Regional Overview’ from the UNHCR's Inter-agency Information Sharing Portal: http://data.unhcr.org/syrianrefugees/regional.php.

‘2012 UNHCR country operations profile – Syrian Arab Republic’, http://www.unhcr.org/pages/49e486a76.html.

Stephanie Nebehay, ‘Most Houla victims killed in summary executions: U.N.’, Reuters, 29 May 2012, http://www.reuters.com/article/2012/05/29/us-syria-un-idUSBRE84S10020120529.

Telhami and Steven Kull, ‘Americans on the Middle East: A Study of American Public Opinion’, Program on International Policy Attitudes, 8 October 2012, http://sadat.umd.edu/MiddleEast_Oct12_rpt.pdf.

Andrew Kramer, ‘Russia Sending Missile Systems to Shield Syria’, The New York Times, 15 June 2012, http://www.nytimes.com/2012/06/16/world/europe/russia-sending-airand-sea-defenses-to-syria.html.

‘Russia's Syrian stance: principled self-interest’, IISS Strategic Comments, vol. 18, no. 31, September 2012, http://www.iiss.org/en/publications/strategic%20comments/sections/2012-bb59/russias-syrian-stance--principledself-interest-3743.

Dalal Mawad and Rick Gladstone, ‘Russia Prods Syria's President Assad With Message of Growing Impatience’, The New York Times, 9 July 2012, http://www.nytimes.com/2012/07/10/world/middleeast/bashar-al-assad-meets-with-kofiannan.html.

Barry, ‘Insisting on Assad's Exit Will Cost More Lives, Russian Says’.

‘Lavrov Denies Russian Arms Supplies to Syria’, Rian Novosti, 29 December 2012, http://en.rian.ru/politics/20121229/178479802.html.

Dafna Linzer, Michael Grabell and Jeff Larson, ‘Flight Records Say Russia Sent Syria Tons of Cash’, ProPublica, 26 November 2012, http://www.propublica.org/article/flight-records-list-russia-sendingtons-of-cash-to-syria.

Barry, ‘Russia Offers a Dark View of Assad's Chances for Survival’, The New York Times, 13 December 2012, http://www.nytimes.com/2012/12/14/world/middleeast/russian-envoy-sayssyrian-leader-is-losing-control.html?pagewanted=all.

Kim Sengupta, ‘America's most senior general warns against rash action on Syria and Iran’, The Independent, 31 August 2012, http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/americas-mostsenior-general-warns-against-rashactionon-syria-and-iran-8096881.html.

Ibid.

Syria conducted research to develop biological weapons but they are not believed to be easily deployable. Its covert nuclear programme was destroyed in an Israeli air-strike in 2007. The fate of up to 50 tonnes of unenriched uranium believed to be in Syria's possession is unknown.

‘Unease grows over Syria's chemical weapons’, IISS Strategic Comments, vol. 18, no. 25, August 2012, http://www.iiss.org/en/publications/strategic%20comments/sections/2012-bb59/unease-grows-oversyrias-chemical-weapons-4510.

David E. Sanger and Eric Schmiit, ‘Pentagon Says 75,000 Troops Might Be Needed to Seize Chemical Arms’, The New York Times, 15 November 2012, http://www.nytimes.com/2012/11/16/world/middleeast/pentagon-sees-seizingsyria-chemical-arms-as-vast-task.html?pagewanted=all.

Schmitt and Sanger, ‘Hints of Syrian Chemical Push Set Off Global Effort to Stop It’, The New York Times, 7 January 2013, http://www.nytimes.com/2013/01/08/world/middleeast/chemical-weapons-showdown-with-syria-led-to-rare-accord.html?pagewanted=all&_r=0.

Josh Rogin, ‘Exclusive: Secret State Department Cable: Chemical Weapons Used in Syria’, Foreign Policy, 15 January 2013, http://thecable.foreignpolicy.com/posts/2013/01/15/secret_state_department_cable_chemical_weapons_used_in_syria.

Mark Landler, ‘Obama Threatens Force Against Syria’, The New York Times, 20 August 2012, http://www.nytimes.com/2012/08/21/world/middleeast/obama-threatens-forceagainst-syria.html.

Spencer Ackerman and Noah Shachtman, ‘Top U.S. General Says Stopping a Syrian Chemical Attack Is ‘Almost Unachievable’, Wired, 10 January 2013, http://www.wired.com/dangerroom/2013/01/syria-chem-military/.

Peter Finn and Anne Gearan, ‘Obama warns Syria amid rising concern over chemical weapons’, The Washington Post, 3 December 2012, http://articles.washingtonpost.com/2012-12-03/world/35622995_1_nonessentialinternational-staff-chemical-weapons-assad-government.

Sanger and Schmitt, ‘Pentagon Says 75,000 Troops Might Be Needed to Seize Chemical Arms’.

Michael Gordon and Landler, ‘Backstage Glimpses of Clinton as Dogged Diplomat, Win or Lose’, The New York Times, 2 February 2013, http://www.nytimes.com/2013/02/03/us/politics/in-behind-sceneblows-and-triumphs-sense-ofclinton-future.html.