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Articles

Yuman Rebels of Antigua California: Colonial Resistance in a Hostile Environment?

 

ABSTRACT

Archaeological studies conducted in the north of Baja California document a series of peculiar settlements in Yuman territory, as in the case of site MRA 21, given their relative inaccessibility where human life under current climatic conditions is unsustainable. Radiocarbon dating and evidence from the colonial period when invasion of the Yuman territory began (A.D. 1769) show that indeed there was subjugation of indigenous people, but also demonstrate a tenacious resistance from Yumans who took the most marginal areas of the northeast of the peninsula as an impregnable refuge. Was it their will alone that allowed these Yumans to survive the mission period and the colonialization? Or could “geographic isolation” and environmental factors have led to this resistance being successful to a large extent? This issue is analyzed here, arriving at a new vision of how they probably achieved it.

RESUMEN

Estudios arqueológicos realizados en el norte de Baja California han venido documentando una serie de asentamientos peculiares en territorio yumano, como es el caso del sitio MRA 21, dada su relativa inaccesibilidad, donde la vida humana en las condiciones climáticas actuales es insostenible. La datación por radiocarbono y las evidencias del período colonial cuando comenzó la invasión del territorio yumano (1769), muestran que efectivamente hubo sometimiento de los indígenas, pero también demuestran una tenaz resistencia de los yumanos que tomaron las zonas más marginales del noreste de la península como un refugio inexpugnable. ¿Fue solo su voluntad lo que permitió que estos yumanos sobrevivieran al período de la misión y la colonización? ¿O el “aislamiento geográfico” y los factores ambientales podrían haber llevado a que esta resistencia en gran medida tuviera éxito? Este tema es analizado aquí, llegando a una nueva visión de cómo probablemente lo lograron.

Acknowledgements

I thank INAH and Dr. Lee Panich of Santa Clara University who supporting XRF analysis and radiocarbon dating. Dr. Manuel Pérez-Rivas, Dr. Aurelio López-Corral, William T. Eckhardt, Don Laylander, Dr. Jorge Ledesma-Vázquez, Arqlga. Zamara Navarro-Gutiérrez, P.A. Raquel Hernández-Estrada, P.A. Alejandro Romo-García, Isidro Madueño-González and Genaro Gerardo-Gaxiola. I appreciate the thoughtful comments provided by the reviewers and the editors, which greatly improved this manuscript.

Disclosure Statement

No potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).

Additional information

Funding

Archaeological excavations and collections from the Sierra de las Pintas were conducted under Antonio Porcayo-Michelini during field seasons spanning 2017 to 2020, with the Proyecto Registro y Rescate de Sitios Arqueológicos de Baja California – Fase Municipio de Mexicali and funding and permits provided by INAH (Grant: SIP 31710).

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