Russia and Southeast Asia: Towards Nuclear Partnership

Click to increase image sizeClick to decrease image size

Notes

* Supported by Scientific Fund FEFU.

¹ “Foreign Policy Concept of the Russian Federation 2013,” Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation, <http://www.mid.ru/bdomp/ns-osndoc.nsf/e2f289bea62097f9c325787a0034c255/c32577ca0017434944257b160051bf7f>, last accessed July 28, 2014.

² A.V. Lukin and A.V. Ivanov, “Russia and the Asia Pacific. Prospects for Cooperation,” Perskeptivy, <http://www.perspektivy.info/book/rossija_i_atr_perspektivy_sotrudnichestva_2010-11-19.htm >, last accessed July 24, 2014.

³ “Comprehensive Program of Action to Develop Cooperation between the Russian Federation and the Association of Southeast Asian States in 2005–2015,” Official Website of the President of the Russian Federation, <http://archive.kremlin.ru/interdocs/2005/12/13/1335_type72067_98791.shtml>, last accessed July 27, 2014.

⁴ Svetlana Klyuchanskaya, “Prospects for Cooperation between Russia and Southeast Asian Countries in Strategic Areas,” Indeks Bezopasnosti 17, No. 2 (97, 2011), p. 55.

⁵ Lukin and Ivanov, op. cit.

⁶ Winnie Zhu, “Coal to Surpass Gas in Southeast Asia Power Boom,” Bloomberg, <http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2013-10-02/coal-to-surpass-gas-in-southeast-asia-power-use-boom-iea-says.html>, last accessed July 28, 2014.

⁷ Steve Kidd, “Nuclear in Southeast Asia—Where and When?,” Nuclear Engineering International, <http://www.neimagazine.com/opinion/opinionnuclear-in-southeast-asia-where-and-when >, last accessed July 14, 2014.

⁸ Todd Woody, “Asia Pacific Nations will Consume more than Half the World's Energy by 2035,” Quartz, <http://qz.com/135082/asia-pacific-nations-will-consume-more-than-half-the-worlds-energy-by-2035/>, last accessed July 17, 2014.

⁹ Barry Desker, “Southeast Asia Going Nuclear,” Asian Scientist, December 26, 2013, <http://www.asianscientist.com/features/southeast-asia-going-nuclear-2013/>, last accessed July 31, 2014.

¹⁰ Ali Aliyev, “Exclusive Partnership,” Expert Online, November 8, 2012, <http://expert.ru/2012/11/8/eksklyuzivnoe-partnerstvo>, last accessed July 26, 2014.

¹¹ Andrey Ozharovskiy, “Protests in Indonesia against NPP plans,” Bellona, <http://www.bellona.ru/articles_ru/articles_2010/indonesia-rally>, last accessed August 2, 2014.

¹² Desker, op. cit.

¹³ “The Approval of Thailand Power Development Plan,” Electricity Generating Authority of Thailand, <http://www.egat.co.th/en/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=27:the-approval-of-thailand-power-development-plan&catid=11:news-release&Itemid=112>, last accessed August 12, 2014.

¹⁴ Klyuchanskaya, op. cit., p. 70.

¹⁵ Desker, op. cit.

¹⁶ Watcharapong Thongrung, “Nuclear Power Plants moved out of South,” The Nation, September 20, 2010, <http://www.thaivisa.com/forum/topic/399191-ubon-ratchathani-nakhon-sawan-picked-as-principal-nuclear-power-plant-locations/>, last accessed July 17, 2014.

¹⁷ “Malaysia Considering Possibility of Using Nuclear Energy not before 2025,” Rossiyskoe Atomnoe Soobshestvo, October 23, 2009, <http://www.atomic-energy.ru/news/2009/10/23/6758>, last accessed August 6, 2014)

¹⁸ “Malaysia to Build First Nuclear Power Reactor by 2021,” Rossiyskoe Atomnoe Soobshestvo, December 20, 2012, <http://www.atomic-energy.ru/news/2010/12/20/17004>, last accessed August 6, 2014.

¹⁹ “Malaysia's Peaceful Atom,” Rossiyskoe Atomnoe Soobshestvo <http://www.atominfo.ru/news2/b0478.htm>, last accessed July 31, 2014.

²⁰ Anton Khlopkov and Dmitry Konukhov, “Russia, Myanmar and Nuclear Technologies,” Center for Energy and Security Studies, <http://ceness-russia.org/data/doc/MyanmarENG.pdf>, last accessed July 30, 2014.

²¹ Klyuchanskaya, op. cit., p. 69.

²² “Emerging Nuclear Energy Countries,” World Nuclear Association, <http://www.world-nuclear.org/info/Country-Profiles/Others/Emerging-Nuclear-Energy-Countries/>, last accessed July 20, 2014.

²³ Klyuchanskaya, op. cit., p. 70.

²⁴ Tim Diass, “Going Nuclear in SEA,” Energy Tribune, November 9, 2012, <http://www.energytribune.com/64902/going-nuclear-in-southeast-asia#sthash.FcgpIWvZ.dpbs>, last accessed August 1, 2014.

²⁵ Michael C. Clarke, Douglas R. Ebeling and Donato L. Cordero, “Options for the Conversion of the Bataan Nuclear Power Plant to Fossil Fuel Firing,” METTS Pty. Ltd., <http://www.metts.com.au/bataannucdoc.html>, last accessed August 3, 2014.

²⁶ Yuri Sokolov, Nuclear Energy: The Next Quarter-century, Mezhdunarodnaya Zhizn No 1. (2008), p. 89.

²⁷ Desker, op. cit.

²⁸ Klyuchanskaya, op. cit., p. 64.

²⁹ Interview with the head of the Far Eastern Science and Education Center of Nuclear Technologies and Radiation and Ecological Safety, D.G. Kryukov, Vladivostok, Russia, July 17, 2014.

³⁰ Jamil Sofiah, “Nuclear Energy in Southeast Asia: Public Engagement Before Policies,” S. Rajaratnam School of International Studies, No. 077/2014, April 23, 2014.

³¹ “Prospects for Nuclear Security in Southeast Asia,” prepared by the James Martin Center for Nonproliferation Studies (CNS, Monterey, United States), the Center for Energy and Security Studies (CENESS, Moscow, Russia), and the Vienna Center for Disarmament and Non-Proliferation (VCDNP, Vienna, Austria). Monterey/Moscow/Vienna, May 2012, pp. 16-17.

³² “Thailand Rules Out Nuclear Power, Says Will Look at Coal to Meet Energy Needs,” In.com, August 11, 2014, <http://www.in.com/news/current-affairs/thailand-rules-out-nuclear-power-says-will-look-at-coal-to-meet-energy-needs-52901170-in-1.html>, last accessed August 10, 2014.

³³ “Thailand Freezes Nuclear Power Plant Plans,” Eco-Business, <http://www.eco-business.com/news/thailand-freezes-nuclear-power-plant-plans/>, last accessed August 2, 2014.

³⁴ “Prospects for Nuclear Security in Southeast Asia,” pp. 9–10.

³⁵ Barry Desker, “Prospects and Risks of Using Nuclear Energy,” Eurasian Review, December 12, 2013, <http://www.eurasiareview.com/12122013-energy-security-southeast-asia-revives-nuclear-power-plans-analysis/>, last accessed August 3, 2014.

³⁶ Interview with the head of the Far Eastern Science and Education Center of Nuclear Technologies and Radiation and Ecological Safety, D.G. Kryukov, Vladivostok, July 17, 2014

³⁷ Vera Ponomareva, “Greenpeace Warns of the Dangers of Building Floating NPPs in Southeast Asian Countries,” Bellona, July 8, 2005, http://www.bellona.ru/russian_import_area/international/russia/nuke_industry/co-operation/39015 >, last accessed July 26, 2014.

³⁸ M. Ridwan, “Physical Protection of Significant Radioactive Sources: An Indonesian Perspective,” Government of Austria, Vienna, Austria/Security of Radioactive Sources, 2003, pp. 245–268.

³⁹ Robert Finch, “International Cooperation in Nuclear Forensics: Southeast Asia, ” Center for Strategic and International Studies, <http://csis.org/files/attachments/131111_Session%202_Finch.pdf>, last accessed July 19, 2014.

⁴⁰ Robert Finch, “International Nuclear Threat Reduction,” Sandia National Laboratories, Center for Strategic and International Studies, <http://csis.org/files/attachments/131111_Session%202_Finch.pdf>, p. 13., last accessed July 21, 2014.

⁴¹ V.M. Murogov, “Nuclear Technology: History, State and Technical Challenges of Nuclear Power Development,” Responsible Science Program ISTC, p. 104.

⁴² Klyuchanskaya, op. cit., p. 76.

⁴³ “SVBR: The Big Lead-Bismuth Leap,” interview with Vladimir Petrachenko, Director-General of AKME-Engineering, Rossiyskoe Atomnoe Soobshestvo, January 29, 2013, <http://www.atomic-energy.ru/interviews/2013/01/29/38536>, last accessed July 21, 2014.

⁴⁴ Interview with the head of the Far Eastern Science and Education Center of Nuclear Technologies and Radiation and Ecological Safety, D.G. Kryukov, Vladivostok, July 17, 2014.

⁴⁵ From remarks by Dzhomart Aliyev, Director-General of Rusatom Overseas, made on September 25, 2013 at DVFU (city of Vladivostok, Russia).

⁴⁶ Interview with the head of the Far Eastern Science and Education Center of Nuclear Technologies and Radiation and Ecological Safety, D.G. Kryukov, Vladivostok, July 17, 2014.

⁴⁷ Klyuchanskaya, op. cit., p.71.

⁴⁸ Aliyev, op. cit.

⁴⁹ Note: Geographically, Bangladesh is not part of Southeast Asia, although it is very close to that region both territorially and economically. The author cites Bangladesh as an example of cooperation with an underdeveloped country with a rapidly growing economy that requires reliable electricity supplies to sustain its growth (there are similar countries in Southeast Asia, such as Cambodia, Laos, and Myanmar).

⁵⁰ “Nuclear Energy in Bangladesh,” EIR Center, March 26, 2014, <http://eircenter.com/ua-analiitika/atomnaya-energetika-v-bangladesh/>, last accessed July 27, 2014.

⁵¹ Interview with Dzhomart Aliyev, director-general of Rusatom Overseas, June 21, 2013, http://www.i-russia.ru/nuclear/articles/19170/>, last accessed July 23, 2014.

⁵² Sofiah, op. cit.

⁵³ Table compiled using information from: Prospects for Nuclear Security in Southeast Asia, pp. 34–38.

⁵⁴ Table compiled using information from: Prospects for Nuclear Security Partnership in Southeast Asia, James Martin Center for Nonproliferation Studies, <http://cns.miis.edu/opapers/pdfs/120515_seasia_nuclear_security_partnership.pdf>, pp. 15–19.