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Original Articles

Success indicators in various fashion business models

各类时尚商业模式中的成功指标

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Pages 74-92 | Received 05 Dec 2012, Accepted 20 Dec 2012, Published online: 08 Mar 2013
 

Abstract

The objective of this study was to analyze the business models of various fashion companies, based on their 2009 financial indicators, to understand how different operation models correlate with success and whether selected performance indicators monitor operational success. Based on their business models, the companies were classified as follows: brand retailers, brand marketers, luxury brands, and multi-brand retailers. Brand retailers with a high net profit margin and a rapid turnover of inventory were significantly more profitable than traditional multi-brand retailers. Luxury brand companies were another successful group. Though their stockturn was low, their net profit was high because of their unique design and high brand value. Brand marketers could adapt well to rapid changes, because their business was primarily based on intangible assets. Furthermore, multi-brand retailers showed the lowest financial ratios because of their slow stockturn and low net profit margin.

我们总共选取了52家欧洲和美国的大型服装公司,并且分析了他们的财务报表。根据他们的商业模式,这些公司被划分如下:品牌零售商,品牌营销商,奢侈品牌,以及多品牌零售商。各方面的效率,杠杆作用,流动资产和绩效比率都为各公司和组织计算出来。每个类别的财务结果都被这些关键数据监控,进而确定每种商业模式相对的成功。

品牌营销商专注于品牌化和设计,但是把他们的生产外包,而且主要将产品卖给多品牌零售商。在财务业绩上,这些公司有稳定的45%的毛利润,7%的息税前利润和3%的平均净利润。他们的动用资本回报率在四中类别中是最低的(11%)。因为品牌营销商不需要承担高额的零售成本,他们的运营加成很低(1.87)。他们进行库存投资相对较低的业务,这个能力反映在他们快速的商品周转率(3.93)和高的毛利库存回报率(3.28)。.他们的整体财务负担也比其他类别低,体现在资产负债率(99%),流动比率(2.55)和速动比率(1.72)。另一方面,缺乏对市场的直接接触,就像商品直接销售给其他零售商,妨碍了品牌营销商充分利用市场机会,而且使他们的财务收益远低于那些品牌零售商。

品牌零售商专注于设计,品牌化和零售,同时外包生产。他们的动用资本回报率(29%)是这四类中最好的。他们的财务业绩也是最好的,在衡量净利润(9%)和息税前林润(13%),并且仅次于奢侈品牌的毛利润(51%)的情况下。采购的灵活性和全面控制市场的地位保证了有效的库存管理,这使其有快速的商品周转率(4.38),高的毛利库存回报率(4.41)和资产周转率(1.44)。他们的加成也是高居第二的(2.15)。他们非常强大的财务状况反映在335%的资产股权比率(A/E),尽管融资操作明显需要大量借入资本,正如他们的资产负债率(D/E)(235%)体现出的。

奢侈品牌专注于品牌化和一些零售业公司参与的设计。加强品牌建设可以获得很高的加成(2.37),尽管与品牌零售商(2.15)相比并没有高出很多。他们的毛利润(57%)在四个类别中是最高的,而且明显需要支付高昂的品牌建设成本。他们的息税前利润(12%)和净利润(7%)很稳定,而且良好。奢侈品牌被认为是永恒的时尚,也就是说,长时间使用的耐用设计带来的缓慢变化的库存,如同他们非常缓慢的商品周转率(2.40)和低的毛利库存回报率(2.95)表明的那样。通常来说,奢侈品牌公司在最高的权益比率(55%)和最低的资产负债率(89%)上很充裕,但是他们的财富变化缓慢,正如他们最低的固定资产周转率所(1.57)体现的。

多品牌零售商专注于零售供应商品牌,尽管他们许多也拥有自己的设计和品牌。他们的盈利能力在所有四种类别中是最低的,有42%的毛利润,5%的息税前利润和3%的净利润。另外,他们的平均加成是最低的(1.82),尽管可以说,他们不需要支付设计和品牌化成本,因为这些可以通过购买和出售供应商品牌得到。多品牌零售商可以获得一手的市场信息,但却不能使用它,因为他们对设计没有影响力。他们有一个相对有效商品周转率(3.6),和品牌营销商的指标差不多,他们的毛利库存回报率在这些类别中是最低的,这表明尽管库存低,他们没有产出足够的毛利润。他们相对薄弱的财务状况反映在他们稳定的速动比率(2.09)和流动比率(2.09)。

拥有高净利润率和快速存货周转率的品牌零售商明显比传统的多品牌零售商更有利可图。奢侈品牌公司是另一个成功的组织。尽管他们的商品周转率低下,他们的净利润很高,因为他们独特的设计和高品牌价值。品牌营销商可以很好地适应快速变化,因为他们的生意主要基于无形资产。此外,多品牌零售商表现出最低的财务比率,因为他们缓慢的商品周转率和低净利润率。

尽管各类公司的财务分析是司空见惯的,但只有一些定量研究关注了不同时尚商业模式的财务指标,目的是为了弄清财务和经营成功的驱动力。

Notes

1. The value chain was originally defined by Porter (Citation1985), as were supply chain and demand chain . On the other hand, the term chain suggests linearity and is approaching obsolescence in favor of network or net, which comprises many stakeholders in the value chain. Consequently, the new terms extended value chain, value network, or value network advocacy are now used by various eminent researchers.

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