ABSTRACT
Wood-rotting basidiomycetes have been investigated in the Chinese forest ecosystem for the past 30 years. Two hundred and five pathogenic wood-decayers belonging to 9 orders, 30 families, and 74 genera have been found in Chinese native forests, plantations, and gardens. Seventy-two species (accounting for 35% of the total pathogenic species) are reported as pathogenic fungi in China for the first time. Among these pathogens, 184 species are polypores, nine are corticioid fungi, eight are agarics and five are hydnoid basidiomycetes. One hundred and seventy-seven species (accounting for 86%) cause white rot, while 28 species (accounting for 14%) result in brown rot; 157 species grow on angiosperm trees (accounting for 76.5%) and 44 species occur on gymnosperm trees (accounting for 21.5%), only four species inhabit both angiosperms and gymnosperms (accounting for 2%); 95 species are distributed in boreal to temperate forests and 110 in subtropical to tropical forests. In addition, 17 species, including Fomitopsis pinicola, Heterobasidion parviporum, and Phellinidium weirii etc. which were previously treated as pathogenic species in China, do not occur in China according to recent studies. In this paper, the host(s), type of forest, rot type, and distribution of each pathogenic species in China are given.
1. Introduction
Wood-rotting basidiomycetes in Chinese forests have been extensively studied during the past 30 years, and almost all types of forest vegetation in all provinces have been surveyed. Nearly 1,600 species of wood-rotting basidiomycetes have been found in China (Dai Citation2011, Citation2012; Cui et al. Citation2019; Sun et al. Citation2019, Citation2022; Li and Wei Citation2021; Dai et al. Citation2021, Citation2021, Citation2022; Liu et al. Citation2021, Citation2023; Ma et al. Citation2022; Wu et al. Citation2022). The majority of wood-rotting basidiomycetes are saprophytic and utilise dead wood as a substrate for growth and reproduction. However, some wood-rotting species attack living trees by either invading and killing the living sapwood or living in the heartwood of living hosts. Although the latter are restricted to the non-living part of the tree, they cause major timber losses for sawmills, in addition, more losses can occur as the infected trees can be further damaged due to windthrow (Dai et al. Citation2007). Both types of wood-rotting basidiomycetes found in China, i.e. those that cause white rot and those that cause brown rot, are included in the present study. We include species that prefer dead or living trees but also species that usually grow on dead wood but occasionally attack living trees when the tree is in a weakened state due to age, fire damage, insect damage, other fungal attacks etc.
A special genus of wood-rotting basidiomycetes is Phylloporia Murrill, the species of which exhibit high levels of host specificity for living trees or bushes. The particular feature of Phylloporia is that some species in this genus do not decay host wood immediately, but rather coexist with the host for a period of time. Other Phylloporia species slowly decay root, heartwood, or sapwood of hosts, causing damage to their hosts. Therefore, we treat Phylloporia species in the latter case as forest pathogens.
The species dealing with this paper is mostly the so-called aphyllophoid basidiomycetes, but a few important agarics, e.g. Armillaria, are included.
Previously, 102 (Dai et al. Citation2007) and 152 (Dai Citation2012) pathogenic wood-rotting species were reported by the senior author. However, phylogenetic analyses on wood-rotting pathogens indicated that many common species are species complexes. For instance, Laetiporus sulphureus (Bull.) Murrill was considered a common species in the Northern Hemisphere (Núñez and Ryvarden Citation2001; Ryvarden and Melo Citation2014; Zhou et al. Citation2016), but recent studies showed that four additional new species could be derived from Laetiporus sulphureus (Song et al. Citation2014; Liu et al. Citation2023). Another example, Fomitopsis pinicola (Sw.) P. Karst. was recorded as a common species in China (Dai Citation2012), but recent phylogenetic analyses found that five species were derived from Fomitopsis pinicola sensu lato, and Fomitopsis pinicola sensu stricto is distributed in Europe only. In addition, recent studies reported new pathogenic wood-rotting basidiomycetes from China (Wang and Dai Citation2022; Wu et al. Citation2022; Yuan et al. Citation2022; Zhao et al. Citation2022). Furthermore, the systematics of wood-rotting basidiomycetes has changed with the advancement in molecular techniques, and many new genera have been established with numerous combinations proposed (Cui et al. Citation2019; Sun et al. Citation2019, Citation2022; Wu et al. Citation2022; Liu et al. Citation2023). More than 75% of the scientific names of the Chinese pathogenic wood-rotting species in the previous lists have changed according to the modern taxonomy, and 72 new pathogenic wood-rotting basidiomycetes have been recorded in China since the previous publication on the diversity of wood-inhabiting fungi (Dai Citation2012). This was the impetus for this current update on the diversity of pathogenic wood-rotting basidiomycetes in China.
2. Materials and methods
The data are mostly based on our investigations, sampling, and observations. Extensive field inventories were made of almost all the Chinese forests in all the provinces during the past 30 years; about 30,000 samples were collected, and nearly 2,000 culture isolates were made. Species identification is based on morphology and molecular work, and the voucher specimens are deposited in the fungoria of Beijing Forestry University (BJFU) and the Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (IFP). A minor number of species mentioned as forest pathogens in other publications are included in the present (Zhou Citation1981; Anonymous Citation1983; Jing et al. Citation1988; Ren Citation1993; Yuan Citation1997).
3. Results
In the following list, the pathogenic wood-rotting basidiomycetes are arranged alphabetically according to genus and the species within the genera. The scientific names and their authors are mostly according to Index Fungorum (https://www.indexfungorum.org/names/names.asp) and MycoBank (https://www.mycobank.org/). However, some updated scientific names are according to our recent studies (Cui et al. Citation2019; Wu et al. Citation2022; Yuan et al. Citation2022).
The host(s), type of forest, rot type, damage caused, and distribution are listed after each species. The host trees are arranged according to the fungal occurring frequency on them, and the distribution is arranged alphabetically by the Chinese provinces. Among them, 72 species are recorded as pathogenic fungi in China for the first time, and they are marked with an asterisk (*) before the names. Four plates () show typical basidiomata and symptoms for 12 species in the forests.
Figure 1. Basidiomata of some typical forest pathogens. (a) Coniferiporia qilianensis. (b) Coniferiporia sulphurascens. (c) Fomes fomentarius. (d) Fomitopsis subpinicola. (e) Funalia trogii. (f) Ganoderma tsugae.
Figure 2. Basidiomata of some typical forest pathogens. (a) Inonotus hispidus. (b) Laetiporus montanus. (c) Mensularia radiata. (d) Perenniporia pyricola. (e) Perenniporia subacida. (f) Pseudoinonotus tibeticus.
Figure 3. Symptoms of some typical forest pathogens. (a) Coniferiporia qilianensis. (b) Coniferiporia sulphurascens. (c) Fomes fomentarius. (d) Fomitiopsis subpinicola. (e) Funalia trogii. (f) Ganoderma tsugae.
Figure 4. Symptoms of some typical forest pathogens. (a) Inonotus hispidus. (b) Laetiporus montanus. (c) Mensularia radiata. (d) Perenniporia pyricola. (e) Perenniporia subacida. (f) Pseudoinonotus tibeticus.
Abundisporus quercicola Y.C. Dai, polypore, Polyporaceae, Polyporales
Mostly on Quercus, especially on Quercus semicar-pifolia in native forests.
White rot, causes butt rot.
Northern Yunnan.
Armillaria ostoyae (Romagn.) Herink, agaric, Physalacriaceae, Agaricales
Mostly on Larix, Pinus, Abies, and Picea, but frequently on many angiosperm trees in both native forests and plantations.
White rot, causes root rot.
Beijing, Heilongjiang, Inner Mongolia, Jilin, Liaoning, and Ningxia.
Athelia scutellaris (Berk. & M.A. Curtis) Gilb., corticioid, Atheliaceae, Atheliales
Mainly on species of Camellia in plantations.
White rot, causes butt rot.
Anhui, Guangdong, Guangxi, Hunan, and Jiangxi.
Baltazaria galactina (Fr.) Leal-Dutra, Dentinger & G.W. Griff, corticioid, Peniophoraceae, Russulales
On many angiosperm trees in native forests.
White rot, causes butt and root rot.
Northeast China.
Bjerkandera adusta (Willd.) P. Karst., polypore, Phanerochaetaceae, Polyporales
Mostly on Populus, Betula, Tilia, Quercus, and Salix in both native forests and plantations.
White rot, causes butt rot.
Temperate to subtropical China.
*Bondarzewia dickinsii (Berk.) Jia J. Chen, B.K. Cui & Y.C. Dai, polypore, Bondarzewiaceae, Russulales
Mostly on Quercus and Castanea in native forests.
White rot, causes root rot.
Anhui, Guangdong, and Jiangxi.
Bondarzewia podocarpi Y.C. Dai & B.K. Cui, polypore, Bondarzewiaceae, Russulales
On Dacrydium pierrei and Podocarpus imbricatus in native forests.
White rot, causes root rot.
Hainan.
*Bondarzewia submesenterica Jia J. Chen, B.K. Cui & Y.C. Dai, polypore, Bondarzewiaceae, Russulales
On Abies and Pinus in native forests.
White rot, causes root rot.
Sichuan and Yunnan.
*Bondarzewia tibetica B.K. Cui, J. Song & Jia J. Chen, polypore, Bondarzewiaceae, Russulales
On Picea in native forests.
White rot, causes root rot.
Tibet.
Bridgeoporus sinensis (X.L. Zeng) F. Wu, Jia J. Chen & Y.C. Dai, polypore, Schizoporaceae, Hymenochaetales
Exclusively on Populus ussuriensis in old-growth native forests.
White rot, causes root rot.
Heilongjiang and Jilin.
Cerrena unicolor (Bull.) Murrill, hydnoid, Cerrenaceae, Polyporales
On Betula, Acer, Populus, Salix, Quercus, and other angiosperm trees in native forests, plantations, and gardens.
White rot, causes sapwood rot.
Beijing, Gansu, Hebei, Heilongjiang, Henan, Hubei, Inner Mongolia, Jiangsu, Jilin, Liaoning, Ningxia, Qinghai, Shandong, Shanxi, Tianjin, Tibet, and Yunnan.
Cerrena zonata (Berk.) H.S. Yuan, hydnoid, Cerrenaceae, Polyporales
On many angiosperm trees in native forests, plantations, and gardens.
White rot, causes butt and root rot.
Anhui, Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hainan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Shaanxi, Sichuan, Yunnan, and Zhejiang.
Chondrostereum purpureum (Pers.) Pouzar, corticioid, Cyphellaceae, Agaricales
On many angiosperm trees, especially on Betula and Prunus, in native forests, plantations, and gardens.
White rot, causes butt and root rot.
Northeast and northwest China, and mountainous areas of subtropical China.
Climacocystis borealis (Fr.) Kotl. & Pouzar, polypore, Fomitopsidaceae, Polyporales
Mostly on Picea, rarely on Pinus in native forests.
White rot, causes butt rot.
Heilongjiang and Jilin.
*Climacocystis montana B.K. Cui & J. Song, polypore, Fomitopsidaceae, Polyporales
On Picea in native forests.
White rot, causes butt rot.
Sichuan, Tibet, and Yunnan.
Climacodon septentrionalis (Fr.) P. Karst., hydnoid, Meruliaceae, Polyporales
Mostly on Acer in both native forests and gardens.
White rot, causes heartwood rot.
Heilongjiang and Jilin.
Coniferiporia qilianensis (B.K. Cui, L.W. Zhou & Y.C. Dai) L.W. Zhou & Y.C. Dai, polypore, Hymenochaetaceae, Hymenochaetales
Exclusively on Sabina przewalskii in native forests.
White rot, causes root rot.
Qinghai.
Coniferiporia sulphurascens (Pilát) L.W. Zhou & Y.C. Dai, polypore, Hymenochaetaceae, Hymenochaetales
Mainly on Picea, Pinus, Abies, and Larix in old growth native forests.
White rot, causes root rot.
Heilongjiang, Inner Mongolia, Jilin, Sichuan, Tibet, Xinjiang, and Yunnan.
Daedalea incana (P. Karst.) Sacc. & D. Sacc., polypore, Fomitopsidaceae, Polyporales
On many angiosperm trees in native forests.
Brown rot, causes heartwood rot.
Tropical China.
Daedaleopsis confragosa (Bolton) J. Schröt., polypore, Polyporaceae, Polyporales
Mostly on Salix and occasionally on other angios-perm trees in both native forests and plantations.
White rot, causes butt rot.
Beijing, Gansu, Hebei, Heilongjiang, Henan, Hubei, Inner Mongolia, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Jilin, Liaoning, Ningxia, Qinghai, Shaanxi, Sichuan, Tianjin, Tibet, Xinjiang, and Yunnan.
Daedaleopsis sinensis (Lloyd) Y.C. Dai, polypore, Polyporaceae, Polyporales
Mostly on Betula and Alnus in native forests.
White rot, causes heartwood rot.
Heilongjiang and Jilin.
Desarmillaria tabescens (Scop.) R.A. Koch & Aime, agaric, Physalacriaceae, Agaricales
Mostly on Populus and Salix, sometimes on Malus, Prunus, and Ziziphus in plantations and gardens.
White rot, causes root rot.
Beijing, Hebei, Ningxia, Shandong, and Tianjin.
*Flammulina filiformis (Z.W. Ge, X.B. Liu & Zhu L. Yang) P.M. Wang, Y.C. Dai, E. Horak & Zhu L. Yang, agaric, Physalacriaceae, Agaricales
Mostly on Salix, also on other angiosperm trees in native forests and plantations.
White rot, causes butt rot.
Chongqing, Gansu, Guizhou, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Inner Mongolia, Shanxi, Sichuan, and Yunnan.
*Flammulina rossica Redhead & R.H. Petersen, agaric, Physalacriaceae, Agaricales
Mostly on Salix, also on other angiosperm trees in native forests and plantations.
White rot, causes butt rot.
Jilin, Shanxi, Sichuan, Tibet, and Yunnan.
Fomes fomentarius (L.) Fr., polypore, Polyporaceae, Polyporales
Commonly on Betula and Salix, and also on other angiosperm trees in both native forests and plantations.
White rot, causes heartwood rot.
Boreal and temperate China, and mountain areas of subtropical China.
Fomitiporella inermis (Ellis & Everh.) Murrill, polypore, Hymenochaetaceae, Hymenochaetales
On many angiosperm trees in native forests, plantations, and gardens.
White rot, causes heartwood rot.
Subtropical to tropical China.
*Fomitiporia alpina B.K. Cui & Hong Chen, polypore, Hymenochaetaceae, Hymenochaetaceae
On Abies in old growth native forests.
White rot, causes heartwood rot.
Sichuan, Tibet, and Yunnan.
Fomitiporia bannaensis Y.C. Dai, polypore, Hymenochaetaceae, Hymenochaetaceae
On many angiosperm trees in native forests.
White rot, causes heartwood rot.
Subtropical to tropical China.
*Fomitiporia carpinea X.H. Ji, X.M. Tian & Y.C. Dai, polypore, Hymenochaetaceae, Hymenochaetaceae
On Carpinus in native forests.
White rot, causes heartwood rot.
Gansu.
*Fomitiporia gaoligongensis B.K. Cui & Hong Chen, polypore, Hymenochaetaceae, Hymenochaetaceae
On angiosperm tree species in native forests.
White rot, causes heartwood rot.
Northern Yunnan.
Fomitiporia hartigii (Allesch. & Schnabl) Fiasson & Niemelä, polypore, Hymenochaetaceae, Hymenochaetaceae
On Abies, and occasionally on other trees of Pinaceae in old growth native forests.
White rot, causes heartwood rot.
Heilongjiang and Jilin.
*Fomitiporia lagerstroemiae X.H. Ji, X.M. Tian & Y.C. Dai, polypore, Hymenochaetaceae, Hymenochaetaceae
On Cryptocarya and Quercus in native forests and gardens.
White rot, causes heartwood rot.
Beijing and Sichuan.
*Fomitiporia norbulingka B.K. Cui & Hong Chen, polypore, Hymenochaetaceae, Hymenochaetaceae
On Hippophae in native forests and gardens.
White rot, causes heartwood rot.
Sichuan, Tibet, and Yunnan.
*Fomitiporia pentaphylacis L.W. Zhou, polypore, Hymenochaetaceae, Hymenochaetaceae
On Pentaphylax in native forests.
White rot, causes heartwood rot.
Guangxi and Hainan.
Fomitiporia punctata (P. Karst.) Murrill, polypore, Hymenochaetaceae, Hymenochaetaceae
On many angiosperm tree species in native forests, plantations, and gardens.
White rot, causes heartwood rot.
Boreal and temperate China, and mountainous areas of subtropical China.
Fomitiporia punicata Y.C. Dai, B.K. Cui & Decock, polypore, Hymenochaetaceae, Hymenochaetaceae
Mainly on Punica granatum and Sophora japonica, occasionally on other angiosperm tree species in plantations and gardens.
White rot, causes heartwood rot.
Beijing, Chongqing, Hebei, Ningxia, Shanxi, Sichuan, and Xinjiang.
Fomitiporia pusilla (Lloyd) Y.C. Dai, polypore, Hymenochaetaceae, Hymenochaetaceae
On angiosperm trees in native forests.
White rot, causes heartwood rot.
Tropical China.
*Fomitiporia rhamnoides T.Z. Liu & F. Wu, polypore, Hymenochaetaceae, Hymenochaetaceae
On Hippophae and Elaeagnus in native forests and plantations.
White rot, causes heartwood rot.
Beijing, Gansu, Hebei, Qinghai, Shanxi, and Tibet.
*Fomitiporia subhippophaëicola B.K. Cui & H. Chen, polypore, Hymenochaetaceae, Hymenochaetaceae
On Hippophae in native forests.
White rot, causes heartwood rot.
Tibet.
*Fomitiporia subtropica B.K. Cui & Hong Chen, polypore, Hymenochaetaceae, Hymenochaetaceae
On angiosperm tree species in native forests.
White rot, causes heartwood rot.
Guangdong.
Fomitiporia torreyae Y.C. Dai & B.K. Cui, polypore, Hymenochaetaceae, Hymenochaetaceae
On Cryptomeria, Cunninghamia, and Torreya grandis, also on many angiosperm tree species, e.g. Cinnamomum, Cyclobalanopsis, Morus, Puranta, Pasitenia, Rhododendron, and Vitex in native forests.
White rot, causes heartwood rot.
Anhui, Beijing, Fujian, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangxi, Shanxi, and Tianjin.
*Fomitopsis abieticola B.K. Cui, M.L. Han & Shun Liu, polypore, Fomitopsidaceae, Polyporales
Mostly on Abies in old growth native forests.
Brown rot, causes heartwood rot.
Northern Yunnan.
Fomitopsis betulina (Bull.) B.K. Cui, M.L. Han & Y.C. Dai, polypore, Fomitopsidaceae, Polyporales
Exclusively on Betula mostly in native forests, rarely in plantations.
Brown rot, causes heartwood rot.
Boreal and temperate China.
Fomitopsis bondartsevae (Spirin) A.M.S. Soares & Gibertoni, polypore, Fomitopsidaceae, Polyporales
Mostly on Prunus, especially on Prunus persica in plantations.
Brown rot, causes butt rot.
Northern China.
*Fomitopsis hengduanensis B.K. Cui & Shun Liu, polypore, Fomitopsidaceae, Polyporales
Mostly on Picea and Abies in old-growth native forests.
Brown rot, causes heartwood rot.
Northern Yunnan and western Sichuan.
*Fomitopsis massoniana B.K. Cui, M.L. Han & Shun Liu, polypore, Fomitopsidaceae, Polyporales
Mostly on Pinus massoniana in old-growth native forests.
Brown rot, causes heartwood rot.
Fujian, Guangdong, and Zhejiang.
Fomitopsis nivosa (Berk.) Gilb. & Ryvarden, polypore, Fomitopsidaceae, Polyporales
On Cinnamomum in gardens.
Brown rot, causes heartwood rot.
Guangxi and Sichuan.
*Fomitopsis palustris (Berk. & M.A. Curtis) Gilb. & Ryvarden, polypore, Fomitopsidaceae, Polyporales
On Fraxinus, Prunus, and other angiosperm tree species in gardens.
Brown rot, causes butt and root rot.
Beijing, Guangdong, Hainan, and Sichuan.
*Fomitopsis subpinicola B.K. Cui, M.L. Han & Shun Liu, polypore, Fomitopsidaceae, Polyporales
Mostly on Larix, Picea, and Pinus, but also on some angiosperm tree species, e.g. Betula and Populus in native forests.
Brown rot, causes heartwood rot.
Heilongjiang, Jilin, and Liaoning.
*Fomitopsis tianshanensis B.K. Cui & Shun Liu, polypore, Fomitopsidaceae, Polyporales
Mostly on Picea in old-growth native forests.
Brown rot, causes heartwood rot.
Xinjiang.
Fulvifomes durissimus (Lloyd) Bondartseva & S. Herrera, polypore, Hymenochaetaceae, Hymenochaetales
On angiosperm tree species in native forests.
White rot, causes heartwood rot.
Hainan and tropical Yunnan.
Fulvifomes lloydii (Cleland) Y.C. Dai & X.H. Ji, polypore, Hymenochaetaceae, Hymenochaetales
On many angiosperm tree species in native forests.
White rot, causes butt and root rot.
Hainan.
Fulvifomes mcgregorii (Bres.) Y.C. Dai, polypore, Hymenochaetaceae, Hymenochaetales
Mostly on Acer and Quercus in native forests.
White rot, causes heartwood rot.
Yunnan.
Funalia trogii (Berk.) Bondartsev & Singer, polypore, Polyporaceae, Polyporales
Commonly on Populus and Salix in native forests, plantations, and gardens.
White rot, causes heartwood rot.
Boreal, temperate, and subtropical China.
Fuscoporia gilva (Schwein.) T. Wagner & M. Fisch., polypore, Hymenochaetaceae, Hymenochaetales
Mostly on Castanopsis in native forests, also grows on other angiosperm tree species, but causes damage on Castanopsis only.
White rot, causes heartwood rot.
Anhui, Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Hainan, and Sichuan.
Fuscoporia rhabarbarina (Berk.) Groposo, Log.-Leite & Góes-Neto, polypore, Hymenochaetaceae, Hymenochaetales
On many angiosperm tree species in native forests.
White rot, causes heartwood rot.
Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hainan, Hebei, Hubei, Jiangxi, Sichuan, Taiwan Province, and Yunnan.
Fuscoporia torulosa (Pers.) T. Wagner & M. Fisch., polypore, Hymenochaetaceae, Hymenochaetales
Mostly on angiosperm tree species, occasionally on Pinus in native forests and plantations.
White rot and heartwood rot.
Beijing, Guangxi, Hainan, Henan, Hunan, Sichuan, Tianjin, and Yunnan.
*Ganoderma angustisporum J.H. Xing, B.K. Cui & Y.C. Dai, polypore, Ganodermataceae, Polyporales
On Casuarina equisetifolia in plantations.
White rot, causes butt and root rot.
Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, and Yunnan.
Ganoderma applanatum (Pers.) Pat., polypore, Ganodermataceae, Polyporales
On many angiosperm tree species in native forests, plantations, and gardens.
White rot, causes butt rot.
Boreal to temperate China.
Ganoderma australe (Fr.) Pat., polypore, Ganodermataceae, Polyporales
On many angiosperm tree species in native forests, plantations, and gardens.
White rot, causes butt and root rot.
Subtropical to tropical China.
*Ganoderma casuarinicola J.H. Xing, B.K. Cui & Y.C. Dai, polypore, Ganodermataceae, Polyporales
On Casuarina equisetifolia in plantations.
White rot, causes butt and root rot.
Guangdong and Hainan.
Ganoderma multipileum Ding Hou, polypore, Ganodermataceae, Polyporales
On many angiosperm tree species, especially on Delonix in plantations and gardens.
White rot, causes butt and root rot.
Guangdong, Hainan, Sichuan, Taiwan Province, and Yunnan.
*Ganoderma mutabile Y. Cao & H.S. Yuan, polypore, Ganodermataceae, Polyporales
On several angiosperm tree species, e.g. Symplocos sumuntia in native forests.
White rot, causes butt rot.
Yunnan.
Ganoderma philippii (Bres. & Henn. ex Sacc.) Bres., polypore, Ganodermataceae, Polyporales
On Hevea, Schefflera, Lannea, Melia, Sapindus, Vernicia, and Coffea, especially in plantations of Hevea brasiliensis.
White rot, causes root rot.
Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Hainan, and Yunnan.
Ganoderma tropicum (Jungh.) Bres., polypore, Ganodermataceae, Polyporales
On several species of Acacia in plantations and gardens, especially on Acacia richii.
White rot, causes butt and root rot.
Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Hainan, Taiwan Province, and Yunnan.
Ganoderma tsugae Murrill, polypore, Ganodermataceae, Polyporales
Mostly on Larix in old growth native forests.
White rot, causes butt rot.
Heilongjiang, Inner Mongolia, and Jilin.
Ganoderma weberianum (Bres. & Henn. ex Sacc.) Steyaert, polypore, Ganodermataceae, Polyporales
On many angiosperm tree species, especially on Ficus in native forests and plantations.
White rot, causes butt and root rot.
Guangdong, Guangxi, and Yunnan.
Ganoderma williamsianum Murrill, polypore, Ganodermataceae, Polyporales
On many angiosperm tree species in native forests.
White rot, causes butt and root rot.
Tropical Yunnan.
Gyrodontium sacchari (Spreng.) Hjortstam, hydnoid, Coniophoraceae, Boletales
On angiosperm tree species in native forests.
Brown rot, causes root rot.
Guangdong, Guangxi, Hainan, and Yunnan.
Haploporus odorus (Sommerf.) Bondartsev & Singer, polypore, Polyporaceae, Polyporales
Mainly on Salix and occasionally on Populus and Syringa in native forests.
White rot, causes heartwood rot.
Hubei, Jilin, Ningxia, Shaanxi, Shanxi, Sichuan, Tibet, and Yunnan.
Helicobasidium purpureum (Tul.) Pat., corticioid, Helicobasidiaceae, Helicobasidiales
Mainly on Hevea, Mangifera, Camellia, Populus, and Melia in plantations.
White rot, causes root rot.
Shaanxi and Yunnan.
Hericium erinaceus (Bull.) Pers., hydnoid, Hericiaceae, Russulales
Mostly on Quercus mongolica in native forests.
White rot, causes heartwood rot.
Beijing, Heilongjiang, Inner Mongolia, Jilin, Liaoning, and Sichuan.
Hornodermoporus latissimus (Bres.) B.K. Cui & Y.C. Dai, polypore, Polyporaceae, Polyporales
On angiosperm tree species, e.g. Gmelina, in native forests.
White rot, causes heartwood rot.
Hainan.
Hornodermoporus martius (Berk.) Teixeira, polypore, Polyporaceae, Polyporales
On angiosperm tree species in native forests and gardens.
White rot, causes heartwood rot.
Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, and Yunnan.
Hymenochaete microcycla (Zipp. ex Lév.) Spirin & Miettinen, polypore, Hymenochaetaceae, Hymenochaetales
On many angiosperm tree species in native forests and plantations.
White rot, causes root rot.
Subtropical to tropical China.
Hypsizygus ulmarius (Bull.) Redhead, agaric, Lyophyllaceae, Agaricales
Mostly on Betula and Ulmus in native forests.
White rot, causes heartwood rot.
Heilongjiang and Jilin.
Inocutis levis (P. Karst.) Y.C. Dai, polypore, Hymenochaetaceae, Hymenochaetales
Mostly on Populus and occasionally on Ulmus in native forests, plantations, and gardens.
White rot, causes heartwood rot.
Ningxia and Xinjiang.
*Inocutis rheades (Pers.) Fiasson & Niemelä, polypore, Hymenochaetaceae, Hymenochaetales
Mainly on Populus in native forests and plantations.
White rot, causes butt rot.
Beijing and Jilin.
Inocutis subdryophila Y.C. Dai & H.S. Yuan, polypore, Hymenochaetaceae, Hymenochaetales
On angiosperm tree species in native forests.
White rot, causes heartwood rot.
Tibet.
Inocutis tamaricis (Pat.) Fiasson & Niemelä, polypore, Hymenochaetaceae, Hymenochaetales
Exclusively on Tamarix chinensis in plantations and gardens.
White rot, causes heartwood rot.
Beijing, Hebei, Jiangsu, Shaanxi, and Shandong.
*Inonotus casuarinae L.S. Bian, polypore, Hymenochaetaceae, Hymenochaetales
Exclusively on Casuarina equisetifolia in plantations.
White rot, causes heartwood rot.
Hainan.
Inonotus compositus Han C. Wang, polypore, Hymenochaetaceae, Hymenochaetales
Exclusively on Quercus in native forests.
White rot, causes heartwood rot.
Tibet.
Inonotus diverticuloseta Pegler, polypore, Hymenochaetaceae, Hymenochaetales
On Quercus, Ulmus and Platanus in plantations and gardens.
White rot, causes heartwood rot.
Beijing, Jiangsu, and Zhejiang.
Inonotus hispidus (Bull.) P. Karst., polypore, Hymenochaetaceae, Hymenochaetales
On many angiosperm tree species, especially on Fraxinus, Malus, and Ulmus in native forests, plantations, and gardens.
White rot, causes heartwood rot.
Temperate China.
Inonotus krawtzewii (Pilát) Pilát, polypore, Hymenochaetaceae, Hymenochaetales
On Quercus and Populus in native forests.
White rot, causes canker rot.
Heilongjiang, Inner Mongolia, and Shaanxi.
Inonotus obliquus (Fr.) Pilát, polypore, Hymenochaetaceae, Hymenochaetales
Exclusively on Betula, especially on B. platyphylla and B. ermanii in native forests.
White rot, causes sapwood and canker rot.
Beijing, Gansu, Hebei, Heilongjiang, Inner Mongolia, Jilin, Shaanxi, Shanxi, and Xinjiang.
Inonotus ochroporus (Van der Byl) Pegler, polypore, Hymenochaetaceae, Hymenochaetales
On angiosperm tree species in native forests.
White rot, causes heartwood rot.
Southern Yunnan.
Inonotus plorans (Pat.) Bondartsev & Singer, polypore, Hymenochaetaceae, Hymenoch-aetales
Mostly on Populus and Ziziphus in plantations and gardens.
White rot, causes heartwood rot.
Ningxia and Xinjiang.
Inonotus rickii (Pat.) D.A. Reid, polypore, Hymenochaetaceae, Hymenochaetales
On many angiosperm tree species, especially on Hevea brasiliensis in plantations and gardens.
White rot, causes heartwood rot.
Fujian, Hainan, and Sichuan.
Irpex laceratus (N. Maek., Suhara & R. Kondo) C.C. Chen & Sheng H. Wu, polypore, Irpicaceae, Polyporales
On many angiosperm tree species in native forests and plantations.
White rot, causes butt and root rot.
Warm temperate to subtropical China.
*Laetiporus ailaoshanensis B.K. Cui & J. Song, polypore, Laetiporaceae, Polyporales
Mostly on Lithocarpus in native forests.
Brown rot, causes heartwood rot.
Yunnan.
Laetiporus cremeiporus Y. Ota & T. Hatt., polypore, Laetiporaceae, Polyporales
Mostly on Quercus, rarely on other angiosperm tree species in native forests.
Brown rot, causes heartwood rot.
Gansu, Heilongjiang, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Jilin, Liaoning, Shaanxi, Shanxi, and Sichuan.
*Laetiporus medogensis J. Song & B.K. Cui, polypore, Laetiporaceae, Polyporales
Mostly on Abies in native forests.
Brown rot, causes heartwood rot.
Tibet.
Laetiporus montanus Černý ex Tomšovský & Jankovský, polypore, Laetiporaceae, Polyporales
Mostly on Larix, occasionally on Picea in native forests.
Brown rot, causes heartwood rot.
Gansu, Heilongjiang, Inner Mongolia, Jilin, Xinjiang, and Yunnan.
Laetiporus sulphureus (Bull.) Murrill, polypore, Laetiporaceae, Polyporales
Mostly on Salix in plantations and gardens.
Brown rot, causes heartwood rot.
Xinjiang.
Laetiporus versisporus (Lloyd) Imazeki, polypore, Laetiporaceae, Polyporales
Mostly on Cyclobalanopsis in native forests.
Brown rot, causes heartwood rot.
Fujian, Hainan, Jiangxi, Yunnan, and Zhejiang.
*Laetiporus xinjiangensis J. Song, Y.C. Dai & B.K. Cui, polypore, Laetiporaceae, Polyporales
Mostly on Betula in native forests.
Brown rot, causes heartwood rot.
Xinjiang.
*Laetiporus zonatus B.K. Cui & J. Song, polypore, Laetiporaceae, Polyporales
On several angiosperm and gymnosperm tree species, e.g. Abies, Picea, Castanopsis, Hippophae and Quercus in native forests.
Brown rot, causes heartwood rot.
Sichuan and Yunnan.
Laricifomes officinalis (Vill.) Kotl. & Pouzar, polypore, Fomitopsidaceae, Polyporales
On Larix, and occasionally on Pinus, Picea, and Abies in old growth native forests.
Brown rot, causes heartwood rot.
Heilongjiang, Inner Mongolia, Jilin, Sichuan, and Xinjiang.
Lenzitopsis daii L.W. Zhou & Kõljalg, polypore, Thelephoraceae, Thelephorales
Mostly on Sabina in plantations and gardens.
White rot, causes heartwood rot.
Beijing and Sichuan.
Leucophellinus irpicoides (Bondartsev ex Pilát) Bondartsev & Singer, polypore, Schizoporaceae, Hymenochaetales
Mostly on Acer, occasionally on Populus in native forests.
White rot, causes heartwood rot.
Beijing, Heilongjiang, Henan, Jilin, Liaoning, Shaanxi, Shanxi, Yunnan, and Zhejiang.
Melanoporia castanea (Imazeki) T. Hatt. & Ryvarden, polypore, Nigrofomitaceae, Hymenochaetales
Exclusively on Quercus mongolica in old growth native forests.
Brown rot, causes root rot.
Heilongjiang, Inner Mongolia, Jilin, and Liaoning.
Mensularia radiata (Sowerby) Lázaro Ibiza, polypore, Hymenochaetaceae, Hymenocha-etales
Mostly on Betula, occasionally on Alnus and Populus in native forests and plantations.
White rot, causes butt and root rot.
Beijing, Chongqing, Gansu, Hebei, Heilongjiang, Inner Mongolia, Jilin, Liaoning,Qinghai, Shanxi, Sichuan, Tibet, and Yunnan.
Necator salmonicolor (Berk. & Broome) K.H. Larss., Redhead & T.W. May, corticioid, Corticiaceae, Corticiales
Mostly on Camellia, Hevea, Citrus, Malus, and Mangifera in plantations.
White rot, causes butt and root rot.
Guangdong, Guangxi, Jiangxi, Sichuan, and Zhejiang.
Neomensularia kanehirae (Yasuda) F. Wu, L.W. Zhou & Y.C. Dai, polypore, Hymenochaetaceae, Hymenochaetales
On many angiosperm tree species, e.g. Schima, in native forests, plantations, and gardens.
White rot, causes heartwood rot.
Fujian, Guangdong, Hainan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, and Yunnan.
Niveoporofomes spraguei (Berk. & M.A. Curtis) B.K. Cui, M.L. Han & Y.C. Dai, polypore, Fomitopsidaceae, Polyporales
On Castanea, Castanopsis, and Cyclobalanopsis in nature forests and plantations.
Brown rot, causes heartwood rot.
Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Hainan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangxi, and Yunnan.
Ochrosporellus pachyphloeus (Pat.) Y.C. Dai & F. Wu, polypore, Hymenochaetaceae, Hymenochaetales
On angiosperm tree species in native forests.
White rot, causes heartwood rot.
Hainan and tropical Yunnan.
*Onnia himalayana Y.C. Dai, H. Zhao & Meng Zhou, polypore, Hymenochaetaceae, Hymenochaetales
On Pinus yunnanensis in native forests.
White rot, causes root rot.
Yunnan.
Onnia leporina (Fr.) H. Jahn, polypore, Hymenochaetaceae, Hymenochaetales
Mostly on Picea in native forests.
White rot, causes root rot.
Hebei, Heilongjiang, and Jilin.
*Onnia microspora Y.C. Dai & L.W. Zhou, polypore, Hymenochaetaceae, Hymenochaetales
On Pinus massoniana in native forests.
White rot, causes root rot.
Anhui, Jiangxi, and Zhejiang.
*Onnia tibetica Y.C. Dai & S.H. He, polypore, Hymenochaetaceae, Hymenochaetales
On Pinus yunnanensis in native forests.
White rot, causes root rot.
Tibet.
Onnia tomentosa (Fr.) P. Karst., polypore, Hymenochaetaceae, Hymenochaetales
On Abies, Larix, Picea, and Pinus in native forests.
White rot, causes root rot.
Inner Mongolia, Jilin, Sichuan, and Yunnan.
Parmastomyces taxi (Bondartsev) Y.C. Dai & Niemelä, polypore, Fomitopsidaceae, Polyporales
Exclusively on Larix olgensis in old growth native forests.
Brown rot, causes heartwood rot.
Jilin.
Perenniporia pyricola Y.C. Dai & B.K. Cui, polypore, Polyporaceae, Polyporales
Mostly on Pyrus and Prunus in plantations and gardens.
White rot, causes heartwood rot.
Beijing, Hebei, Liaoning, and Tianjin.
Perenniporia subacida (Peck) Donk, polypore, Polyporaceae, Polyporales
On Picea, Abies, and Larix in old growth native forests.
White rot, causes butt and root rot.
Heilongjiang, Jilin, and Yunnan.
Perenniporia truncatospora (Lloyd) Ryvarden, polypore, Polyporaceae, Polyporales
On angiosperm tree species, e.g. Platycarya, Pyrus, and Quercus, in plantations and gardens.
White rot, causes heartwood rot.
Beijing, Liaoning, Sichuan, Tianjin, and Yunnan.
*Phaeolus asiae-orientalis Y.C. Dai & Yuan Yuan, polypore, Laetiporaceae, Polyporales
On Pinus, Larix, Picea, and Abies in old growth native forests.
Brown rot, causes butt and root rot.
Heilongjiang, Inner Mongolia, and Jilin.
*Phaeolus yunnanensis Y.C. Dai & Yuan Yuan, polypore, Laetiporaceae, Polyporales
On Pinus yunnanensis in native forests and plantations.
Brown rot, causes butt and root rot.
Yunnan.
Phellinopsis conchata (Pers.) Y.C. Dai, polypore, Hymenochaetaceae, Hymenochaetales
Mainly on Salix, occasionally on other angiosperm tree species in native forests, but occasionally in plantations and gardens.
White rot, causes heartwood rot.
Gansu, Hebei, Henan, Jilin, Qinghai, Tibet, and Yunnan.
*Phellinopsis lonicericola L.W. Zhou, polypore, Hymenochaetaceae, Hymenochaetales
Mainly on Lonicera in native forests.
White rot, causes heartwood rot.
Gansu, northern Yunnan, Sichuan, and Tibet.
Phellinus alni (Bondartsev) Parmasto, polypore, Hymenochaetaceae, Hymenochaetales
Mostly on Alnus in native forests.
White rot, causes heartwood rot.
Heilongjiang, Inner Mongolia, Jilin, Tibet, and Yunnan.
Phellinus igniarius (L.) Quél., polypore, Hymenochaetaceae, Hymenochaetales
On many angiosperm tree species, especially on Salix, in native forests, plantations, and gardens.
White rot, causes heartwood rot.
Boreal and temperate China.
*Phellinus mori Y.C. Dai & B.K. Cui, polypore, Hymenochaetaceae, Hymenochaetales
Exclusively on Morus in native forests, plantations, and gardens.
White rot, causes heartwood rot.
Beijing and Heilongjiang.
*Phellinus nigricans (Fr.) P. Karst., polypore, Hymenochaetaceae, Hymenochaetales
Mostly on Betula and Alnus in native forests.
White rot, causes heartwood rot.
Boreal and temperate China.
*Phellinus orientoasiaticus L.W. Zhou & Y.C. Dai, polypore, Hymenochaetaceae, Hymenochaetales
Mostly on Prunus in native forests, plantations, and gardens.
White rot, causes heartwood rot.
Temperate China.
*Phellinus padicola L.W. Zhou & Y.C. Dai, polypore, Hymenochaetaceae, Hymenochaetales
Mostly on Padus in native forests.
White rot, causes heartwood rot.
Sichuan and Tibet.
*Phellinus parmastoi L.W. Zhou & Y.C. Dai, polypore, Hymenochaetaceae, Hymenochaetales
Almost exclusively on Betula in native forests.
White rot, causes butt and root rot.
Heilongjiang, Inner Mongolia, Jilin, Tibet, Xinjiang, and Yunnan.
Phellinus tremulae (Bondartsev) Bondartsev & P.N. Borisov, polypore, Hymenochaetaceae, Hymenochaetales
Exclusively on Populus dividiana in native forests.
White rot, causes heartwood rot.
Northeast and northwest China.
Pholiota squarrosa (Vahl) P. Kumm., agaric, Strophariaceae, Agaricales
Mostly on Populus and Betula, but also on several angiosperm tree species in native forests, plantations, and gardens.
White rot, causes heartwood rot.
Temperate China.
Phylloporia bibulosa (Lloyd) Ryvarden, polypore, Hymenochaetaceae, Hymenochaetales
On angiosperm tree species in native forests.
White rot, causes butt and root rot.
Guangdong and Zhejiang.
*Phylloporia clausenae L.W. Zhou, polypore, Hymenochaetaceae, Hymenochaetales
Mostly on Clausena in native forests.
White rot, causes heartwood rot.
Hainan and tropical Yunnan.
Phylloporia crataegi L.W. Zhou & Y.C. Dai, polypore, Hymenochaetaceae, Hymenochaetales
Exclusively on Crataegus in plantations and gardens.
White rot, causes butt and root rot.
Liaoning.
*Phylloporia cylindrispora L.W. Zhou, polypore, Hymenochaetaceae, Hymenochaetales
On angiosperm tree species in native forests.
White rot, causes heartwood rot.
Guangxi.
*Phylloporia cystidiolophora F. Wu, G.J. Ren & Y.C. Dai, polypore, Hymenochaetaceae, Hymenochaetales
On angiosperm tree species in native forests.
White rot, causes heartwood rot.
Chongqing and Yunnan.
*Phylloporia flacourtiae L.W. Zhou, polypore, Hymenochaetaceae, Hymenochaetales
On Flacourtia in native forests.
White rot, causes heartwood rot.
Guangxi.
Phylloporia fontanesiae L.W. Zhou & Y.C. Dai, polypore, Hymenochaetaceae, Hymenochaetales
Exclusively on Fontanesia in native forests, plantations, and gardens.
White rot, causes butt and root rot.
Henan, Jiangsu, and Shandong.
Phylloporia gutta L.W. Zhou & Y.C. Dai, polypore, Hymenochaetaceae, Hymenochaetales
Mostly on Abelia in native forests.
White rot, causes butt and root rot.
Beijing, Hebei, Inner Mongolia, and Sichuan.
Phylloporia hainaniana Y.C. Dai & B.K. Cui, polypore, Hymenochaetaceae, Hymenochaetales
On angiosperm tree species in native forests.
White rot, causes heartwood rot.
Hainan.
*Phylloporia homocarnica L.W. Zhou, polypore, Hymenochaetaceae, Hymenochaetales
On angiosperm tree species in native forests.
White rot, causes heartwood rot.
Guangxi.
*Phylloporia lespedezae G.J. Ren & F. Wu, polypore, Hymenochaetaceae, Hymenochaetales
On Lespedeza bicolour in native forests.
White rot, causes root rot.
Shanxi.
*Phylloporia lonicerae W.M. Qin, Xue W. Wang, T. Sawahata & L.W. Zhou, polypore, Hymenochaetaceae, Hymenochaetales
On Lonicera japonica in plantations and gardens.
White rot, causes heartwood rot.
Shandong.
*Phylloporia manglietiae Yuan Y. Chen & B.K. Cui, polypore, Hymenochaetaceae, Hymenochaetales
On Manglietiae hainanensis in native forests.
White rot, causes heartwood rot.
Hainan.
*Phylloporia minutipora L.W. Zhou, polypore, Hymenochaetaceae, Hymenochaetales
On Nephelium topengii in native forests.
White rot, causes butt and root rot.
Hainan.
Phylloporia nandinae L.W. Zhou & Y.C. Dai, polypore, Hymenochaetaceae, Hymenochaetales
Exclusively on Nandina domestica in plantations and gardens.
White rot, causes butt and root rot.
Fujian, Guizhou, Jiangxi, and Sichuan.
Phylloporia oblongospora Y.C. Dai & H.S. Yuan, polypore, Hymenochaetaceae, Hymenochaetales
On angiosperm tree species in native forests.
White rot, causes butt and root rot.
Guangdong and Guangxi.
Phylloporia oreophila L.W. Zhou & Y.C. Dai, polypore, Hymenochaetaceae, Hymenochaetales
Mostly on Prinsepia in native forests.
White rot, causes heartwood rot.
Tibet.
*Phylloporia osmanthi L.W. Zhou, polypore, Hymenochaetaceae, Hymenochaetales
On Osmanthus in native forests.
White rot, causes heartwood rot.
Guangxi.
*Phylloporia pendula Yuan Y. Chen & B.K. Cui, polypore, Hymenochaetaceae, Hymenochaetales
On angiosperm tree species in native forests.
White rot, causes heartwood rot.
Hainan.
*Phylloporia radiata L.W. Zhou, polypore, Hymenochaetaceae, Hymenochaetales
On lianas in native forests.
White rot, causes butt and root rot.
Guangdong.
*Phylloporia rattanicola F. Wu, G.J. Ren & Y.C. Dai, polypore, Hymenochaetaceae, Hymenochaetales
On rattan in native forests.
White rot, causes root rot.
Fujian.
*Phylloporia splendida F. Wu, G.J. Ren & Y.C. Dai, polypore, Hymenochaetaceae, Hymenochaetales
On angiosperm tree species in native forests.
White rot, causes heartwood rot.
Yunnan and Zhejiang.
*Phylloporia subpulla F. Wu, G.J. Ren & Y.C. Dai, polypore, Hymenochaetaceae, Hymenochaetales
On angiosperm tree species in native forests.
White rot, causes heartwood rot.
Hainan.
Phylloporia weberiana (Bres. & Henn. ex Sacc.) Ryvarden, polypore, Hymenochaetaceae, Hymenochaetales
On angiosperm tree species in native forests.
White rot, causes heartwood rot.
Hainan.
Picipes fraxinicola (L.W. Zhou & Y.C. Dai) J.L. Zhou & B.K. Cui, polypore, Polyporaceae, Polyporales
On Quercus, especially on Q. mongolica in old-growth native forests.
White rot, causes heartwood rot.
Jilin.
Piptoporellus soloniensis (Dubois) B.K. Cui, M.L. Han & Y.C. Dai, polypore, Piptoporellaceae, Polyporales
Mostly on Castanea and Quercus in both native forests and plantations.
Brown rot, causes heartwood rot.
Fujian, Hubei, Hunan, Jilin, Liaoning, Shandong, Sichuan, and Yunnan.
Pleurotus ostreatus (Jacq.) P. Kumm., agaric, Pleurotaceae, Agaricales
Mostly on Populus, Salix, or Betula in native forests, plantations, and gardens.
White rot, causes heartwood rot.
Temperate China.
Polyporus squamosus (Huds.) Fr., polypore, Polyporaceae, Polyporales
On many angiosperm tree species, especially on Fraxinus, Quercus, and Ulmus in native forests, plantations, and gardens.
White rot, causes and heartwood rot.
Beijing and temperate China.
Polyporus subvarius C.J. Yu & Y.C. Dai, polypore, Polyporaceae, Polyporales
Mostly on Salix in plantations and gardens.
White rot, causes heartwood rot.
Tibet.
*Porodaedalea alpicola S.J. Dai, F. Wu & Y.C. Dai, polypore, Hymenochaetaceae, Hymenochaetales
Exclusively on Abies in native forests.
White rot, causes heartwood rot.
Sichuan, Tibet, and Yunnan.
Porodaedalea himalayensis (Y.C. Dai) Y.C. Dai, polypore, Hymenochaetaceae, Hymenochaetales
Mostly on Picea in native forests.
White rot, causes heartwood rot.
Gansu, northern Yunnan, Sichuan, and Tibet.
Porodaedalea laricis (Jacz. ex Pilát) Niemelä, polypore, Hymenochaetaceae, Hymenochaetales
Mostly on Larix in native forests.
White rot and heartwood rot.
Hebei, Heilongjiang, Inner Mongolia, Jilin, and Xinjiang.
*Porodaedalea microsperma S.J. Dai & Y.C. Dai, polypore, Hymenochaetaceae, Hymenochaetales
On Picea and Larix in native forests.
White rot, causes heartwood rot.
Heilongjiang, Inner Mongolia, and Jilin.
*Porodaedalea mongolica Y.D. Wu & Y. Yuan, polypore, Hymenochaetaceae, Hymenochaetales
Exclusively on Larix in native forests.
White rot, causes heartwood rot.
Heilongjiang and Inner Mongolia.
*Porodaedalea qilianensis Y.C. Dai & F. Wu, polypore, Hymenochaetaceae, Hymenochaetales
Exclusively on Picea crassifolia in native forests.
White rot, causes heartwood rot.
Gansu and Qinghai.
*Porodaedalea schrenkianae Y.C. Dai & F. Wu, polypore, Hymenochaetaceae, Hymenochaetales
Exclusively on Picea schrenkiana in native forests.
White rot, causes heartwood rot.
Xinjiang.
Porodaedalea yamanoi (Imazeki) Y.C. Dai, polypore, Hymenochaetaceae, Hymenochaetales
Mostly on Picea in native forests.
White rot, causes heartwood rot.
Heilongjiang and Jilin.
*Porodaedalea yunnanensis S.J. Dai, F. Wu & Y.C. Dai, polypore, Hymenochaetaceae, Hymenochaetales
Exclusively on Pinus yunnanensis in native forests.
White rot, causes heartwood rot.
Yunnan.
Pseudoinonotus tibeticus (Y.C. Dai & M. Zang) Y.C. Dai, B.K. Cui & Decock, polypore, Hymenochaetaceae, Hymenochaetales
On Abies in old growth native forests.
White rot, causes heartwood rot.
Tibet and Yunnan.
Pseudospongipellis litschaueri (Lohwag) Y.C. Dai & Chao G. Wang, polypore, Cerrenaceae, Polyporales
Mostly on Quercus in native forests, plantations, and gardens.
White rot, causes heartwood rot.
Heilongjiang, Hubei, Jilin, Liaoning, and Shanxi.
Pyrofomes castanopsidis B.K. Cui & Y.C. Dai, polypore, Polyporaceae, Polyporales
Exclusively on Castanopsis in native forests and gardens.
White rot, causes heartwood rot.
Guangdong.
Pyrofomes demidoffii (Lév.) Kotl. & Pouzar, polypore, Polyporaceae, Polyporales
Exclusively on Juniperus formosana in plantations and gardens.
White rot, causes heartwood rot.
Sichuan.
Pyrrhoderma sublamaensis (Lloyd) Y.C. Dai & F. Wu, polypore, Hymenochaetaceae, Hymenochaetales
Mainly on Hevea brasilensis, but also on many other angiosperm tree species in plantations.
White rot, causes root rot.
Guangdong, Guangxi, Hainan, and Yunnan.
Rigidonotus pruinosus (Bondartsev) Y.C. Dai, F. Wu, L.W. Zhou, Vlasák & B.K. Cui, polypore, Hymenochaetaceae, Hymenochaetales
Exclusively on Salix in plantations and gardens.
White rot, causes heartwood rot.
Liaoning.
Rigidoporus lineatus (Pers.) Ryvarden, polypore, Meripilaceae, Polyporales
On many angiosperm tree species, especially on Robinia and Paulownia in plantations and gardens.
White rot, causes butt and root rot.
Fujian, Guangxi, Guizhou, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, and Yunnan.
Rigidoporus microporus (Sw.) Overeem, polypore, Meripilaceae, Polyporales
On many angiosperm tree species in native forests, plantations, and gardens.
White rot, causes butt and root rot.
Hainan and Yunnan.
Rigidoporus populinus (Schumach.) Pouzar, polypore, Meripilaceae, Polyporales
Mostly on Acer and Populus, occasionally on other angiosperm tree species in native forests, plantations, and gardens.
White rot, causes heartwood rot.
Boreal and temperate China.
Rigidoporus subpopulinus (B.K. Cui & Y.C. Dai) F. Wu, Jia J. Chen & Y.C. Dai, polypore, Meripilaceae, Polyporales
Exclusively on Picea crassifolia in old-growth native forests.
White rot, causes heartwood rot.
Gansu and Qinghai.
*Sanghuangporus alpinus (Y.C. Dai & X.M. Tian) L.W. Zhou & Y.C. Dai, polypore, Hymenochaetaceae, Hymenochaetales
Exclusively on Lonicera rupicola in native forests.
White rot, causes heartwood rot.
Northern Yunnan, Tibet, and western Sichuan.
Sanghuangporus baumii (Pilát) L.W. Zhou & Y.C. Dai, polypore, Hymenochaetaceae, Hymenochaetales
Almost exclusively on Syringa amurensis in native forests, plantations, and gardens.
White rot, causes heartwood rot.
Beijing, Hebei, Heilongjiang, Inner Mongolia, Jilin, and Liaoning.
*Sanghuangporus lagerstroemiae Y.C. Dai & F. Wu, polypore, Hymenochaetaceae, Hymenochaetales
On several angiosperm tree species, e.g. Lagerstroemia, Cryptocarya, and Quercus in native forests and gardens.
White rot, causes heartwood rot.
Beijing and Sichuan.
Sanghuangporus lonicericola (Parmasto) L.W. Zhou & Y.C. Dai, polypore, Hymenochaetaceae, Hymenochaetales
Exclusively on Lonicera syringantha and L. maackii in native forests, very rarely in plantations.
White rot, causes heartwood rot.
Heilongjiang, Jilin, Liaoning, and Tibet.
*Sanghuangporus mongolicus T. Bau, polypore, Hymenochaetaceae, Hymenochaetales
Exclusively on Hemiptelea davidii in plantations.
White rot, causes heartwood rot.
Inner Mongolia.
*Sanghuangporus quercicola Lin Zhu & B.K. Cui, polypore, Hymenochaetaceae, Hymenochaetales
Mostly on Quercus, occasionally on Diospyros in native forests and plantations.
White rot, causes heartwood rot.
Chongqing, Guizhou, Henan, and Tibet.
Sanghuangporus sanghuang (Sheng H. Wu, T. Hatt. & Y.C. Dai) Sheng H. Wu, L.W. Zhou & Y.C. Dai, polypore, Hymenochaetaceae, Hymenochaetales
Exclusively on Morus in native forests, plantations, and gardens.
White rot, causes heartwood rot.
Hubei, Jilin, Shaanxi, Shanxi, Sichuan, Tibet, and Zhejiang.
*Sanghuangporus subbaumii Shan Shen, Y.C. Dai & L.W. Zhou, polypore, Hymenochaetaceae, Hymenochaetales
Mostly on Prunus in native forests and plantations.
White rot, causes heartwood rot.
Beijing and Shanxi.
Sanghuangporus vaninii (Ljub.) L.W. Zhou & Y.C. Dai, polypore, Hymenochaetaceae, Hymenochaetales
Exclusively on Populus in native forests.
White rot, causes heartwood rot.
Beijing, Heilongjiang, Jilin, and Shanxi.
*Sanghuangporus viticicola Sheng H. Wu, polypore, Hymenochaetaceae, Hymenochaetales
On Vitex in native forests.
White rot, causes heartwood rot.
Taiwan Province of China.
Sanghuangporus weigelae (T. Hatt. & Sheng H. Wu) Sheng H. Wu, L.W. Zhou & Y.C. Dai, polypore, Hymenochaetaceae, Hymenochaetales
Mostly on Weigela in native forests, plantations, and gardens.
White rot, causes heartwood rot.
Anhui, Chongqing, Guizhou, Hubei, Hunan, Inner Mongolia, Jiangxi, and Zhejiang.
*Sanghuangporus zonatus (Y.C. Dai & X.M. Tian) L.W. Zhou & Y.C. Dai, polypore, Hymenochaetaceae, Hymenochaetales
On angiosperm tree species in native forests.
White rot, causes heartwood rot.
Hainan.
Sanguinoderma elmerianum (Murrill) Y.F. Sun & B.K. Cui, polypore, Ganodermataceae, Polyporales
Mostly on Acacia, especially on A. richii, sometimes on other angiosperm tree species in plantations and gardens.
White rot, causes butt rot.
Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, and Hainan.
Schizophyllum commune Fr., agaric, Schizophyllaceae, Agaricales
On many angiosperm tree species, especially on Prunus in plantations and gardens.
White rot, causes sapwood rot.
Temperate China.
Sparassis latifolia Y.C. Dai & Zheng Wang, corticioid, Sparassidaceae, Polyporales
On Larix in old growth native forests.
Brown rot, causes root rot.
Jilin, Tibet, and Yunnan.
*Sparassis subalpina Q. Zhao, Zhu L. Yang & Y.C. Dai, corticioid, Sparassidaceae, Polyporales
On Picea in old growth native forests.
Brown rot, causes root rot.
Northern Yunnan.
*Spongipellis quercicola Y.C. Dai & Chao G. Wang, polypore, Meruliaceae, Polyporales
On Quercus mongolica in old growth native forests.
White rot, causes heartwood rot.
Jilin.
Spongipellis spumea (Sowerby) Pat., polypore, Meruliaceae, Polyporales
On many angiosperm tree species, especially Populus in native forests, plantations, and gardens.
White rot, causes heartwood rot.
Temperate China.
Stereum rugosum Pers., corticioid, Stereaceae, Russulales
On many angiosperm tree species in native forests, plantations, and gardens.
White rot, causes sapwood rot.
Boreal and temperate China.
Stereum sanguinolentum (Alb. & Schwein.) Fr., corticioid, Stereaceae, Russulales
On many gymnosperm tree species, especially on Picea, Pinus, and Larix in native forests.
White rot, causes sapwood rot.
Boreal and temperate China.
Trachydermella tsunodae (Yasuda ex Lloyd) B.K. Cui & Y.F. Sun, polypore, Ganodermataceae, Polyporales
Mainly on Litsea cubeba in native forests.
White rot, causes butt and root rot.
Guizhou and Yunnan.
Trametes meyenii (Klotzsch) Lloyd, polypore, Polyporaceae, Polyporales
On many angiosperm trees in native forests.
White rot, causes butt rot.
Subtropical China.
Trametes suaveolens (L.) Fr., polypore, Polyporaceae, Polyporales
On many angiosperm tree species, especially on Salix and Populus in native forests, plantations, and gardens.
White rot, causes heartwood rot.
Boreal and temperate China.
Trichaptum perenne Y.C. Dai & H.S. Yuan, polypore, Hymenochaetaceae, Hymenochaetales
Mostly on Lithocarpus in old-growth native forests.
White rot, causes heartwood rot.
Central Yunnan.
*Tropicoporus tenuis Y.C. Dai & F. Wu, polypore, Hymenochaetaceae, Hymenochaetales
On angiosperm tree species in native forests.
White rot, causes heartwood rot.
Guangdong.
Tyromyces sibiricus Penzina & Ryvarden, polypore, Incrustoporiaceae, Polyporales
Mostly on Populus and Acer in old growth native forests.
White rot, causes heartwood rot.
Heilongjiang and Jilin.
Vanderbylia fraxinea (Bull.) D.A. Reid, polypore, Polyporaceae, Polyporales
On many angiosperm tree species in native forests, plantations, and gardens.
White rot, causes butt and root rot.
Temperate to subtropical China.
Vanderbylia robiniophila (Murrill) B.K. Cui & Y.C. Dai, polypore, Polyporaceae, Polyporales
Mostly on Robinia pseudoacacia in plantations and gardens.
White rot, causes butt and root rot.
Beijing, Jiangsu, Liaoning, Shandong, and Shanxi.
4. Discussions
Pathogenic wood-rotting basidiomycetes have important implications in the forestry industry, for instance, some species of Heterobasidion Bref. cause extensive root rot on coniferous trees in the Northern Hemisphere (Woodward et al. Citation1998). These pathogenic species are of interest not only to forest pathologists but also to taxonomists (Sinclair et al. Citation1987; Schulze and Bahnweg Citation1998; Fischer and Binder Citation2004; Sinclair and Lyon Citation2005; Fischer et al. Citation2005; Linzer et al. Citation2008; Otrosina and Garbelotto Citation2010; Rajchenberg and Robledo Citation2013; Yuan et al. Citation2021).
Among 205 pathogenic wood-rotting species, some of them cause typical sapwood or heartwood or root and butt rot according to our investigations, but their pathogenicity is not proved by the rule of Koch’s postulate, and further studies are needed in the future to verify the pathogenicity. About 1,600 wood-rotting basidiomycetes are found in China, and 205 species were found on living trees, and they are considered as pathogenic species. So, the pathogenic species accounts for 12.8% of all the Chinese wood-rotting species. Similar cases were demonstrated in Europe and North America, 65 and 68 poroid wood-rotting basidiomycetes were considered as forest pathogens in Europe and North America (Gilbertson and Ryvarden Citation1986–1987; Ryvarden and Melo Citation2014), and 547 and 432 wood-rotting polypores were reported in Europe and North America, respectively (Wu et al. Citation2022), the pathogenic species accounts for 11.8% and 15.7% of all the total polypores in Europe and in North America.
Previously, 152 pathogenic wood-rotting basidiomycetes were recorded in China (Dai Citation2012), including the following 17 species (Dai et al. Citation2007; Dai Citation2012), Bondarzewia berkeleyi (Fr.) Bondartsev & Singer, B. montana (Quél.) Singer, Dichomitus campestris (Quél.) Domański & Orlicz, Flammulina velutipes (Curtis) Singer, Fomitiporia dryadea (Pers.) Y.C. Dai, Fomitiporia hippophaëicola (H. Jahn) Fiasson & Niemelä, Fomitiporia robusta (P. Karst.) Fiasson & Niemelä, Fomitopsis pinicola (Sw.) P. Karst., Ganoderma pseudoferreum (Wakef.) Over. & Steinm., Heterobasidion parviporum Niemelä & Korhonen, Inonotus andersonii (Wll. & Everh.) Černý, Onnia triquetra (Lenz) Imazeki, Phellinidium weirii (Murrill) Y.C. Dai, Phellinus pini (Fr.) A. Ames, P. pseudoigniarius Y.C. Dai & Fan Yang, P. tuberculosus (Baumg.) Niemelä, Phylloporia ribis (Schumach.) Ryvarden. However, recent studies confirm that these species do not exist in China (Chen et al. Citation2016; Zhou et al. Citation2016; Ji et al. Citation2017; Wu et al. Citation2019, Citation2022; Liu et al. Citation2021, Citation2023; Yuan et al. Citation2021, Citation2022). In addition, 72 species are found on living trees and cause sapwood or heartwood or butt and root rot, but they were not listed in the previous studies, and are new forest pathogens in China. To date, the number of pathogenic wood-rotting species found in China has reached 205.
The 205 pathogenic wood-rotting species belong to 9 orders, 30 families, and 74 genera (). Hymenochaetales with 109 species, Hymenochaetaceae with 106 species, and Phylloporia with 24 species are, respectively, the richest order, family, and genus for the pathogenic wood-rotting basidiomycetes. The important families for these pathogens are Hymenochaetaceae, Polyporaceae, Fomitopsidaceae, Ganodermataceae, and Laetiporaceae, with 106, 21, 15, 12, and 10 species, respectively. A total of 164 species belong to these five families, and these species account for 80% of all Chinese pathogenic wood-rotting basidiomycetes.
Figure 5. Pathogenic wood-rotting species in orders and number of species.
Figure 6. Pathogenic wood-rotting species in families and number of species.
Among the 205 species, 183 are polypores, 9 are corticioid fungi, 8 are agarics, and 5 are hydnoid basidiomycetes. So, polypores are the most important pathogenic wood-rotting basidiomycetes. In addition, 177 species cause white rot, and 28 cause brown rot. The higher diversity of white rot species is because they are distributed in almost all Chinese forests and infect both angiosperm trees and gymnosperm trees, while brown rot species occur primarily on gymnosperms and are found mostly in temperate and boreal forests.
Among the 205 species, 95 were found in boreal to temperate and 110 were found in subtropical to tropical forests of China, because the tree species diversity in southern China is greater than in northern China. One hundred and fifty-seven species occur on angiosperm trees and 44 species occur on gymnosperm trees, accounting for 76.5% and 21.5%, respectively, of the total pathogenic wood-rotting species. In addition, four species grow on both angiosperms and gymnosperms, accounting for 2% of the total pathogenic wood-rotting species. This shows that most pathogenic wood-rotting basidiomycetes have host-preference at least at the angiosperm or gymnosperm level.
Acknowledgments
We thank Profs. Bao-Kai Cui, Shuang-Hui He (Beijing Forestry University, China), and Prof. Hai-Sheng Yuan (Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China) for accompanying us on many field trips.
Disclosure statement
No potential conflict of interest was reported by the authors.
Additional information
Funding
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