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ABSTRACT
The internationalisation of research strategies is continuously evolving. Addressing global challenges is part of the mechanism that enhances the internationalisation of universities. With global interest in the polar regions (Antarctic and Arctic) increasing significantly, and with an extensive history of international collaboration in research, it is timely to explore how the efforts in polar research can contribute to a strong foundation for the internationalisation of university research. A conceptual analysis clearly indicates that an international collaboration of polar research has the potential of contributing to the debates on the future direction and strategy of internationalising universities by bringing in the values of mobility, co-authorship, global citizenship and knowledge diplomacy. This hypothesis needs to be further tested in an empirical study to support evidence-based policy making. This study sheds light on the theories and lends a new body of fundamental social knowledge related to the internationalisation of research strategies in university through global research initiatives.
Acknowledgement
We thank Dr. Daniela Liggett, Gateway Antarctica Department, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand, and Ms. Munirah Mohd Nasir for assisting and supporting this study.
Disclosure statement
No potential conflict of interest was reported by the authors.
Notes
1 Hazri et al., “Institutional Policies and Initiatives for the Internationalisation of Higher Education in Southeast Asia.”
2 See Kaplan, “International Opportunities”; and Schwaag-Serger and Wise, “Internationalization of Research and Innovation,”.
3 See “Global Perspectives in Higher Education,”
4 German Federal Ministry of Education and Research, “Internationalisation of Education, Science and Research,” Maringe and Fosket, “Globalization and Internationalization in Higher Education.”
5 “International Research Collaboration.”
6 See Stelios et al., “Advancing Marine Conservation in European.”
7 See Sophie Boisseau, “Scientific Cooperation in the South China Sea”; and I. A., “The Diplomacy of Scientific Research.”
8 See Xiaoyun et al., “A Bibliometric Analysis of Research Papers,” 419–34.
9 See Allan et al, “Navigating the Complexities.”
10 Andrew et al., “Assessing Transboundary Scientific Collaboration,” 156-61.
11 See Chen et al., “International Research Collaboration,” 149–68.
12 Gunter E, International Scientific Cooperation in the Arctic and Antarctic. https://www.aaas.org/news/international-scientific-cooperation-arctic- and-antarctic\(accessed 15 July 2019).
13 See “Norwegian Polar Research and Svalbard Research.”
14 See Aksnes, “Norwegian Polar Research and Svalbard Research”; Aksnes, “Polar Research in the Kingdom of Denmark 2013”; Fu and Ho, “Highly Cited Antarctic Articles Using Science Citation Index Expanded,” 337–57; and Augustsson and Friberg, Bibliometric Survey of Polar Research in Sweden.
15 “National and Institutional Productivity and Collaboration in Antarctic Science,” 175–80.
16. Aksnes et al., Arctic Research Publication Trends.
17 Absael, “Internationalization of Research,”.
18 Wohlert and Klöcker-Gatzwiller, “A Brief History of the Internationalisation of Danish Research,”.
19 See Ahonen et al., “Internationalisation of Finnish Scientific Research”; and Deodato and Borkowska, “Universities as Actors and Instruments in Diplomacy”.
20 “Internationalization of Research and Innovation”.
21 Wendt et al., “Internationalization of Research and Higher Education,” 55–85.
22 See “Drivers of International Collaboration in Research,”.
23 See Woldegiyorgis et al., “Internationalization of Research,” 161–76.
24 See report by the Polar Science – Perspectives from the Royal Society Global Environmental Research Committee.
25 Brooks et al., “Our Footprint on Antarctica Competes,” 185–90; and Hughes et al., “Antarctic Environmental Protection,” 86–95.
26 See Chater, “SDGs And The Arctic”.
27 See Ford et al., “Including Indigenous Knowledge and Experience,” 349; and Martello, “Arctic Indigenous Peoples,” 351–76.
28 See Beck et al., “Education and Polar Research,” 217–21.
29 The politics of international collaboration in polar research.
30 See Aksnes and Hessen, “The Structure and Development of Polar Research (1981–2007),” 155–63.
31 See International Council of Science, Universality of Science in the Polar Regions; Salmon et al., “Education, Outreach and Communication During the International Polar Year 2007–2008,” 265–85; and Allison et al., “International Polar Year 2007–2008,”.
32 Aksnes et al., “Arctic Research Publication Trends”; Baeseman and Pope, APECS: Nurturing a New Generation of Polar Researchers, 219.; Gateway Antarctica, International Antarctic Institute.; Redden, A Pan-Arctic Consortium; and Storey, UC Professor Appointed Director of IAI.
33 Aksnes, “Arctic Research Publication Trends”; and Patricio, “Science Policy and the Internationalisation of Research in Portugal,” 161–82.
34 “The Structure and Development of Polar Research (1981–2007),” 155–63.
35 Dastidar and Ramachandran, “Intellectual Structure of Antarctic Science,” 389–414.
36 Adams, International Research Collaboration after the UK Leaves the European Union.
37 “Research Trend Analysis on International Research Collaboration,” 209–24.
38 Ji et al., “A Bibliometric Analysis of Research On Antarctica,” 1925–39.
39 Aksnes et al., “Arctic Research Publication Trends”.
40 “The Structure and Development of Polar Research (1981–2007),” 155–63.
41 “From ‘Brain Drain’ to ‘Brain Circulation’” https://www.editage.com/insights/from-brain-drain-to-brain-circulation-global- trends-in-international-collaboration-and-researcher-mobility.(accessed 20 May 2019).
42 RESEARCHconnect, Breaking the Ice with International Research Mobility; Redden, A Pan-Arctic Consortium; UArctic website; and European Union External Action.
43 See Association of Universities and Colleges of Canada, International Research Collaboration.
44 Egron-Polak, “Academic Mobility in Higher Education Worldwide”.
45 Griggs and Christie, “What is Global Citizenship?” 104–07.
46 “The Importance of Global Citizenship to Higher Education,” 754–69.
47 Bothwell, Global Citizenship in HE a “Loaded” and “Patronising” Concept.
48 Learn Locally to Think Globally.
49 Morosini et al., “Internationalization of Higher Education,” 95–113.
50 Aktas et al., “Institutionalizing Global Citizenship,” 65–80.
51 Deardorff et al., The SAGE Handbook of International Higher Education.
52 “A Cross-National Comparison of International Strategies,” 749–67.
53 “Measuring Attitudes Toward the Rights of Indigenous People”.
54 See Killick, “Seeing-Ourselves-in-the-World,” 372–89; and Caruana, “Re‐thinking Global Citizenship in Higher Education,” 85–104.
55 Higher Education and Diplomacy.
56 Popa, “Remarks on the Internationalization of Higher Education as a Source of Soft Power,” 5–12; Trilokekar, “International Education as Soft Power?” 131–47; and Wu and Zha, “A New Typology for Analysing the Direction of Movement in Higher Education Internationalisation,” 259–77.
57 “Universities and Knowledge Diplomacy,” 6772–76.
58 Knight, Higher Education and Diplomacy.
59 Kjellén, “A New Diplomacy for Sustainable Development,”.
60 Knight, “Knowledge Diplomacy Or Knowledge Divide?” http://www.universityworldnews.com/article.php?story=20180214084632675 (accessed 20 July 2019).
61 See Berkman et al, Science Diplomacy. Antarctica, Science and the Governance of International Spaces; and Berkman and Vylegzhanin, Conclusions: Building Common Interests in the Arctic Ocean.
62 Han, “Influence of the Agreement on Enhancing International Arctic”.
63 Berkman et al., “The Arctic Science Agreement Propels Science Diplomacy, 596–98.
64 Koppelman et al., “New Frontiers in Science Diplomacy,”.
65 Turekian et al., “The Emergence of Science Diplomacy.”
66 Koppelman et al., “New Frontiers in Science Diplomacy”.
67 See Woldegiyorgis et al., “Internationalization of Research,” 161–76.