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Articles

Swiss Shock: Minaret Rejection, European Values, and the Challenge of Tolerant Neutrality

Pages 193-207 | Published online: 21 Jun 2013
 

Abstract

In 2009 Switzerland, for long an apparent beacon of European toleration and neutrality, voted to ban the erection of minarets. Internal religious matters are normally dealt with at the regional or local level – not at the level of the Swiss national parliament, although the state does seek to ensure good order and peaceful relations between different faith communities. Indeed, the freedom of these communities to believe and function publicly is enshrined in law. However, as a matter of national policy, now constitutionally embedded, one religious group, the Muslim group, is not permitted to build their distinctive religious edifice, the minaret. Switzerland may have joined the rest of Europe with respect to engaging the challenge of Islamic presence to European identity and values, but the rejection of a symbol of the presence of one faith – in this case, Islamic – by a society that is otherwise predominantly secular, pluralist, and of Christian heritage, poses significant concerns. How and why did this happen? What are the implications? This paper will discuss some of the issues involved, concluding the ban is by no means irreversible. Tolerant neutrality may yet again be a leitmotif of Swiss culture and not just of foreign policy.

Notes

1Doyle, this issue.

2Lathion notes that ‘Initiatives rarely pass: fewer than 15 of the 160 initiatives submitted since 1891 have been successful’. S. Lathion, ‘Citizen's Initiatives in Switzerland’ in Patrick Haenni and Stéphane Lathion (eds) The Swiss Minaret Ban: Islam in Question (trans. Tom Genrich) (Fribourg: Religiscope, 2011), p. 17.

3Douglas Pratt, The Church and Other Faiths: The World Council of Churches, the Vatican, and Interreligious Dialogue (Bern: Peter Lang, 2010), p. 20.

4See Gould's ‘Alien Religiosity’, this issue.

5Jean-François Mayer, ‘In the Shadow of the Minaret: Origins and Implications of a Citizens’ Initiative', in Haenni and Lathion, op. cit., p. 10.

6Ibid., p. 14.

7See Felix Muller and Mathias Tanner, ‘Muslime, Minarette und die Minarett-Initiative in der Schweiz: Grundlagen’ in Mathias Tanner, Felix Müller, Frank Mathwig and Wolfgang Lienemann (eds) Streit um das Minarett: Zusammenleben in der religiöse pluralistischen Gesellschaft (Zürich: Theologischer Verlag, 2009), pp. 21–43.

8Wolfgang Lienemann, ‘Argumente für ein Minaret-Verbot? Eine kritische Analyze’ in Tanner et al., op. cit., p. 123.

9Eidgenössische Ausländerkommission, Muslime in der Schweiz. Identitätsprofile, Erwartungen und Einstellungen. Eine Studie der Forschungsgruppe ‘Islam in der Schweiz‘ (Geneva: GRIS, 2005).

10Muller and Tanner, op. cit., p. 31.

11Rifa'at Lenzin, ‘Eine muslimische Perspektive auf die Minarett-Diskussion und das Zusammenleben in der Schweiz von morgen’ in Mathias Tanner et al., op. cit., pp. 45–60.

12Cf. Mayer, ‘In the Shadow of the Minaret’, op. cit., p. 8.

13Lienemann, ‘Argumente für ein Minaret-Verbot?’ in Tanner et al., op. cit., p. 135.

14SEK–FEPS, Background Paper on Switzerland's Vote on Minarets (July, 2010). Schweizerischer Evangelischer Kirchenbund – Federation des Eglises protestantes de Suisse (SEK-FEPS), ‘Background Paper on Switzerland's Vote on Minarets’, November 2009, http://www.sek-feps.ch/sites/default/files/media/pdf/themen/minarett/110929_Backgroundpaper_Minaretfinal_update.pdf (accessed 2 May 2013).

15See W. Lienemann, ‘Einleitung’ in Tanner et al., op. cit., p. 10.

16Samuel M. Behloul, Minarett-Initiative: ‘Im Spannungsfeld zwischen Abwehr-Reflex und impliziter Anerkennung neuer gesellschaftlicher Fakten’ in Tanner et al., op. cit., p. 109.

17Ibid., p. 107.

18Felix Muller and Mathias Tanner, ‘Muslime, Minarette und die Minarett-Initiative in der Schweiz’. in Tanner et al., op. cit., p. 40.

19SEK–FEPS, op. cit., p. 3.

20Lienemann, ‘Argumente für ein Minaret-Verbot? Eine kritische Analyze’, in Tanner et al., op. cit., p. 129.

21Ibid., p. 130.

22Ibid., p. 131.

23Behloul, op. cit., p. 106.

24Ibid.

25Henry Both, ‘Der Schock und seine Folgen’ in Andreas Gross, Fredi Krebs, Martin Schaffner and Martin Stohler (eds) Von der Provokation zum Irrtum: Menschenrechte und Demokratie nach dem Minarett-Bauverbot (St-Ursanne: Editions le Doubs, 2010), p. 118.

26Cf. Yves Winter, ‘Kritik und Unverständnis: Medienreaktionen aus den USA’, in Gross et al., op. cit., p. 176.

27Ibid.

28See ibid., p. 132.

29Cf. Muller and Tanner, op. cit., p. 41.

30Cf. Gross et al., op. cit., 2010, p. 11.

31See Roger Blum and Marlis Prinzig, ‘Das Versagen der Medien’, in Gross et al., op. cit., pp. 19–24.

32Elisabeth Joris and Katrin Riederer, ‘Not in our Name’, in Gross et al., op. cit., pp. 25–36.

33See Simon Landwehr, ‘Das helvetische Bild des Islam’, in Gross et al., op. cit., pp. 37–48.

34Ibid., p. 45.

35Ibid., p. 41.

36Muller and Tanner, op. cit., in Tanner et al., op. cit., p. 42.

37SEK–FEPS, op. cit., p. 2.

38Gross, op. cit., p. 12.

39Josef Lang, ‘Gestern die Juden, heute die Muslime’, in Gross et al., op. cit., pp. 78–82.

40Hans Widmer, ‘Reflexions- und Qualitätsdefizite’, in Gross et al., op. cit., p. 94.

41Wolfgang Lienemann, ‘Einleitung’, in Tanner et al., op. cit., pp. 9–19.

42Pratt, op. cit., p. 20.

43Lenzin, ibid.

44Frank Mathwig, ‘Das Kreuz mit den Minaretten: Theologische Bemerkungen zur Rolle der Kirchen in der Minarett-Diskussion’, in Tanner et al., op. cit., p. 145.

46Ibid.

45See SEK–FEPS, op. cit., p. 2.

47Swiss Council of Religions, For Religious Coexistence in Peace and Freedom: Statement of the Swiss Council of Religions on the Referendum Initiative to Ban the Construction of Minarets (Berne: Swiss Council of Religions, 2009), p. 1.

49Ibid., p. 3.

48SCR, op. cit., p. 2.

50Jasmin El-Sonbati, Moscheen ohne Minarett: eine Muslimin in der Schweiz (Oberhofen am Thunersee: Zytgolgge Verlag, 2010), p. 8.

51Ibid.

52Ibid., p. 9.

53Ibid., p. 12.

54Martin Mühlheim, ‘Vom Ernstnehmen der Ängste’, in Gross et al., op. cit., p. 131.

55Emil Brix, ‘Die Schweiz: Eine Enttäuschung für Europa?’, in Gross et al., op. cit., pp. 189–196.

57Ibid.

56SEK–FEPS, op. cit., p. 3.

58Ibid., p. 4.

59Reinhold Bernhardt, ‘Die Polarität von Freiheit und Liebe: Überlegungen zur interreligiösen Urteilsbildung aus dogmatischer Perspektive’ in R. Bernhardt, Kriterien interreligiöser Urteilsbildung (Zürich: Beiträge zu einer Theologie der Religionen 1, 2005), p. 72.

63SCR, op. cit., p. 5.

60Cf the paper in this issue by Armando Salvatore, ‘Islam and the Quest for a European Secular Identity’.

61Dietrich Fischer, ‘Wie können wir die Konfrontation der Kulturen verhindern?’, in Gross et al., op. cit., pp. 209–213.

62Hans Köchler, ‘Multikulturalität, Demokratie und Rechtsstaatlichkeit in Europa’, in Gross et al., op. cit., pp. 214–220.

65Swiss Federal Department of Foreign Affairs, Swiss Neutrality, http://www.eda.admin.ch/eda/en/home/topics/intla/cintla/ref_neutr.html (accessed 2 May 2013).

64Lienemann, ‘Einleitung’, in Tanner et al., op. cit., p. 9.

66Ibid., p. 1.

67Ibid., p. 6.

68Lienemann, ibid.

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