The help system and its reflection theory: a sociological observation of social work

Abstract

The relation between sociology and social work is analysed in this article as a relation between observer and object of observation. As a theoretical framework, we use Luhmannian systems theory, according to which modern society is characterised by functional differentiation, that is a horizontal structure of function systems such as polity, economy, education, science, law, etc. Each of these fulfils a particular function for society. One such system is the help system, referring to social services and their practice. Its societal function is the management of inclusion/exclusion and social integration. Function systems contain what Luhmann calls ‘reflection theories’, which are associated with specific academic disciplines (such as the political system/political theory/political science or the education system/pedagogical theory/educational science). Although their basic operations are linked to science (research, theories and methods, publications), reflection theories are part of their system; their function is to reflect on the unity and meaning of the function system. This article argues that the discipline of social work serves as the reflection theory for the help system. A solid reflection theory in the help system is important in order to define guiding criteria for professional ethics to be used in social services. The lack of an adequate reflection theory can lead to the intrusion of ideologies that are inappropriate to the logic of the help system, such as New Public Management or administrative technocracy, which might threaten the integrity of the help system.

Keywords:

• help system
• Luhmann
• reflection theory
• social work
• social work science

Notes

1. This is, of course, different for organisation systems and for individuals, which/who have the ability to change perspectives and have to adjust to multiperspectivity.

2. As has been pointed out by some authors (Nassehi and Nollmann 1997; Schirmer and Michailakis 2015), it is less the universalistic semantics of function systems than the restrictive membership practices of organisations that are the key engines of exclusion.

3. Academic discipline refers to a system of concepts and methodological rules employed in the endeavour to interpret and explain phenomena that result in a specific body of knowledge. Disciplinary knowledge is hosted in academic departments.

4. On the concept of reflection theory, see also the works of Roar Hagen (2006), 169–192.

5. We thank one of the anonymous reviewers for this example.

6. In the sense of Randall Collins' non-obvious sociology (Collins 1982).