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Articles

Revisiting environmental Kuznets curve with HDI: new evidence from cross-country panel data

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Pages 324-342 | Received 11 Sep 2020, Accepted 19 Jan 2021, Published online: 11 Feb 2021
 

ABSTRACT

This study investigates the existence of Environmental Kuznets curve (so for EKC) for a panel of 30 countries (as three sub-groups viz. developed economies, emerging economies and developing economies) over the period of 27 years from 1990 to 2016. The EKC proposes an inverted U-shape relation between environmental degradation and economic development. Unlike other similar studies where economic development proxied through GDP growth, in this study Human Development Index (HDI) is taken as a measure of development. Thereby the EKC existence is found here as relationship between HDI and CO2 emission (environmental degradation measured in terms of CO2 emission). The econometric framework for this study consists of Pooled OLS model, fixed effect model and fixed effect with instrumental variable model. Results showed the strong evidence of EKC for this panel of countries and also for each individual group of the countries.

Disclosure statement

No potential conflict of interest was reported by the authors.

Notes

2 We are thankful to anonymous referee for suggesting this.

3 We are thankful to anonymous referee for suggesting this.

5 We are thankful to anonymous referee for suggesting to revise the group of countries and rerun the regressions.

6 Controls are EINT, FFEC, MVAD, XG, XS, FDI and REC.

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