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Articles

The contrasting fortunes of pro-sovereignty currents in Basque and Catalan nationalist parties: PNV and CDC compared

Pages 406-424 | Received 08 Jan 2016, Published online: 14 Sep 2016
 

ABSTRACT

The contrasting fortunes of pro-sovereignty currents in Basque and Catalan nationalist parties: PNV and CDC compared. Territory, Politics, Governance. Nationalist parties based on regions within European states have seen cases of major shifts from accommodation to sovereignty-based assertiveness in their positioning vis-à-vis central government. While these have been interpreted elsewhere mainly in terms of changes in contextual influences, the activity of groups within parties aiming to redefine territorial strategies has received much less attention, not least in the case of Spain. This comparison of factional politics within Basque and Catalan nationalist parties since the 1990s highlights the significant influence of party-level factors in affecting the prospects of a decisive strategic shift. Factors such as the loss of political power by a party, competition during processes of leadership succession, generational renewal and distinctive party cultures help explain why the outcomes of such efforts differ. Transformation has proved more difficult to achieve in the context of complex decentralized governance structures at regional level, as in the Basque Country. There, the existence of varying identity configurations, reflected in different political balances at the sub-regional level, provided an impediment to a thorough radicalization of the Basque Nationalist Party, whereas in Catalonia more centralized political arrangements facilitated the transformation of Democratic Convergence of Catalonia and its eventual commitment to independence.

摘要

巴斯克与加泰罗尼亚的民族主义政党在维护主权趋势上截然不同的命运:比较巴斯克民族党(PNV)与加泰罗尼亚民主凝聚党(CDC). Territory, Politics, Governance. 欧洲各国以区域为基础的民族主义政党,见证了其之于中央政府的定位从迁就到根据主权的决断之主要转变。此般情况在他处主要是以脉络影响的变迁进行诠释,但在政党内部旨在再定义领土策略的团体之活动,却鲜少受到关注,尤其是西班牙的案例。本文比较巴斯克与加泰罗尼亚民族主义政党自1990年代以来的党内派系政治,强调政党层级的因素对于影响决定性的策略变迁预期之显着影响。诸如政党失去政治动力,取得领导权过程中的竞争,世代交替与特定的政党文化之因素,有助于解释此般努力的结果为何有所差异。本文证明,如同巴斯克自治区一般,在区域层级复杂的去中心化治理结构脉络中,达成变革是较困难的。不同的身份认同结构之存在,反映在次区域层级中不同的政治平衡之上,对于巴斯克民族党的全面激进化产生了阻碍;而在加泰罗尼亚,更为集中的政治安排,则促进了民主凝聚党的变革,及其对于追求独立的最终承诺。

RÉSUMÉ

Les sorts contrastés des tendances politiques partisanes de la souveraineté au sein des partis nationalistes basque et catalan: une comparaison du PNV et du CDC. Territory, Politics, Governance. Les partis nationalistes régionaux en Europe ont témoigné des réorientations majeures à partir de la capacité de s’imposer fondé sur la notion de compromis à celle basée sur la souveraineté quant à leur positionnement vis à vis du gouvernement central. Alors que celles-là ont été principalement considérées ailleurs en tant que des changements contextuels, l’activité des partis politiques qui cherchent à redéfinir les stratégies territoriales a prêté beaucoup moins d’attention, et cela s’avère d’autant plus vrai pour ce qui est de l’Espagne. Cette comparaison de la politique factionnelle au sein des partis nationalistes basque et catalan depuis les années 1990 souligne l’influence non-négligeable des facteurs au niveau des partis politiques sur les possibilités d’une réorientation décisive de la stratégie. Des facteurs tels la perte du pouvoir politique, la concurrence au moment de la succession au leadership, le renouvellement des générations et les cultures distinctives des partis politiques aident à expliquer pourquoi les résultats de tels efforts diffèrent. Il s’est avéré plus difficile de réaliser la transformation dans le cadre des structures de gouvernance décentralisées et complexes sur le plan régional, au Pays basque par exemple. Dans ce cas-là, la présence d’une variété de configurations d’identité, qui se reflète dans divers équilibres politiques à l’échelle sous-régionale, a entravé une radicalisation approfondie du Parti nationaliste basque, tandis que des tractations politiques plus centralisées ont permis la transformation du Parti démocratique de convergence et de son engagement éventuel en faveur de l’indépendance en Catalogne.

RESUMEN

La suerte contrastante de las tendencias pro-soberanistas en los partidos nacionalistas del País Vasco y Cataluña: diferencias entre el PNV y el PCD. Territory, Politics, Governance. Los partidos nacionalistas regionales en los Estados europeos han sido testigos de importantes cambios en sus posiciones con el Gobierno central: desde una posición de adaptación hacia una de firmeza en el tema de la soberanía. Si bien en otros lugares esto se ha interpretado sobre todo en términos de cambios en las influencias contextuales, la actividad de grupos dentro de los partidos que tienen como objetivo redefinir las estrategias territoriales ha recibido mucha menos atención, sobre todo en el caso de España. Esta comparación de facciones políticas en los partidos nacionalistas vascos y catalanes desde la década de los noventa pone de relieve la importante influencia de los factores en los partidos que afectan a las perspectivas de un cambio estratégico decisivo. Para explicar por qué difieren los resultados de tales iniciativas sirven varios factores, como por ejemplo que un determinado partido pierda poder político durante el proceso de sucesión del liderazgo, la renovación generacional y las culturas distintivas de los partidos. La transformación ha resultado más difícil de conseguir en el contexto de estructuras gubernamentales complejas y descentralizadas en autonomías como el País Vasco. En este caso, la existencia de configuraciones de identidad variadas, que se expresan en diferentes equilibrios políticos de ámbito subregional, representaba un obstáculo para una radicalización completa del Partido Nacionalista Vasco, mientras que en Cataluña los acuerdos políticos más centralizados facilitaron la transformación de Convergència Democràtica de Catalunya y finalmente su compromiso con la independencia.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The author is grateful to the many members of Basque and Catalan parties who took part in this project and to Raúl Gómez, Erika Harris, Caroline Gray and Bettina Petersohn for comments on earlier drafts.

DISCLOSURE STATEMENT

No potential conflict of interest was reported by the author.

Notes

1 Interview with Andoni Ortuzar and Iñaki Goikoetxeta, 10 April 2014.

2 Interviews with Carles Puigdemont, 27 November 2013, and Joaquim Forn, 25 November 2013.

3 Forn interview.

4 For example, when Convergència was trying to find civil society figures to join its election lists in 2015, it was reported to be well disposed towards a new social democratic soberanista group called Volem, created by the former director of the CatDem Foundation, Agosti Colomines (El País, 29 March 2015).

5 Eusko Jaurlaritza/Gobierno Vasco [Basque Government], Propuesta de Estatuto Político de la Comunidad de Euskadi, 25 October 2003.

6 Interviews with Ander Gurrutxaga, 11 April 2013, Xabier Agirre, 7 April 2014 and Joseba Egibar, 8 April 2014.

7 Egibar interview, 8 April 2014.

8 José Antonio Ardanza interview, 10 April 2014.

9 Gurrutxaga, 11 April 2013; Txema Montero interview, 9 April 2014.

10 Gurrutxaga 11 April 2013; Juan José Ibarretxe interview, 8 April 2014.

11 José Ramón Beloki interview, 8 April 2014.

12 Santiago de Pablo, 9 April 2013.

13 Ibarretxe, 8 April 2014.

14 ‘El final dialogado de la violencia y la normalización política’, reported in El País, 24 October 2005.

15 El País, 23 July 2007; 1 August 2007.

16 El País, 13 September 2007.

17 Ibarretxe, 8 April 2014.

18 Lluís Corominas interview, 28 November 2013; Forn, 25 November 2013; CDC statutes for 2000–04 at http://www.convergentes.

19 Josep Rull interview, 23 September 2014.

20 Puigdemont, 27 November 2012. Puigdemont succeeded Mas as President of the Generalitat in January 2016.

22 Rull, 23 September 2014.

23 There was internal UDC opposition however from its youth organization and the El Matí group.

24 Josep Ramoneda, ‘El congreso del miedo’, El País, 13 July 2004.

25 Opposition to the European constitutional document was expressed in the PNV too, but less extensively, by a one-third minority of Asamblea Nacional delegates (Pérez-Nievas, Citation2006, pp. 52–53).

26 For documents relating to Spain-EU dealings in this matter, see Miquel Strubell’s compilation at http://miquelstrubell.blogspot.com.es/p/europe.html.

27 Composed of the soberanistas David Madí, Francesc Homs, Germà Gordó, Oriol Pujol and Felip Puig.

28 Indeed, a Metroscopia poll published in El País (26 September 2010) found that support for independence among CiU voters was only marginally higher than among Catalans in general (19% and 17%, respectively).

29 El País, 21 November 2007.

30 El País, 13 July 2008.

31 Josep Ramoneda, ‘CiU y PSC ante las elecciones’, El País, 9 September 2010.

32 Interview with Felip Puig, El País, 9 September 2010.

33 Forn, 25 November 2013; Vila i Vicente, 13 April 2014.

34 Francesc Homs, interview 19 September 2014, spoke of political continuity in CDC during the opposition years, despite the shifts in discourse.

35 Mas became party president.

36 Congress reports in El País, 24 March 2012; and the Spanish television website www.rtve.es, 24 March 2012 (‘El Congreso de Convergència Democràtica de Catalunya apuesta por un Estado propio’).

37 Interviews with Rull and Vila i Vicente.

38 In an internal consultation on 21 May 2016, a majority of CDC members came out in favour of creating a new party, Convergència itself having been damaged badly by exposés of corruption involving the financing of the party and the Pujol family. It became the Partit Demòcrata Català (PDC).

Additional information

Funding

This paper is an output from the research project on ‘The Dynamics of Nationalist Evolution in Contemporary Spain’, funded by the Economic and Social Research Council of the UK [ES/J007854/1].

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