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Articles

The role of governance networks in building metropolitan scale

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Pages 159-181 | Received 02 Jan 2017, Published online: 22 Jan 2018
 

ABSTRACT

The role of governance networks in building metropolitan scale – Territory, Politics, Governance. The broad aim of this comparative study is to examine the relationship between governance networks and the emergence (or lack thereof) of metropolitan scales through an analysis of metropolitan development-policy processes. It explores the characteristics and substance of policies that purport to be metropolitan in scope through a set of six case studies of global city-regions lacking a formal metropolitan-scale government: Berlin, Delhi, New York, Paris, Rome and Shenzhen. This is done to obtain a better sense of the networks, strategies and approaches used in various contexts to tackle boundary-spanning issues in regions. Three paired case studies analyse what interests and actors were involved, how central each actor was to the policy process, and what territorial scales and interests dominated to identify commonalities across cases and to look for evidence of the emergence of new actors in metropolitan policy-making and of political rescaling.

摘 要

治理网络在建立大都会尺度中的角色。Territory, Politics, Governance. 此一比较研究的广泛目标,在于透过分析大都会发展政策过程,检视治理网络与大都会尺度浮现(或缺乏)之间的关联性。本文透过六大缺乏正式的大都会尺度政府的全球城市区域之案例研究—柏林、德里、纽约、巴黎、罗马与深圳,探讨据称为大都会尺度的政策之特徵与内涵。我们以此更佳地理解在不同脉络中用来应对区域的跨边界议题之网络、策略与途径。我们在三大配对之案例研究中,分析什么样的利益与行动者涉及其中,这些各别行动者之于政策过程中的核心位置,以及什么样的领域尺度和利益在指认各案例间的共通性中佔主导位置,并寻求大都会政策制定与政治再尺度化中,新的行动者浮现之证据。

RÉSUMÉ

Le rôle des réseaux de gouvernance dans la construction de l’échelle métropolitaine. Territory, Politics, Governance. Grâce à une analyse des processus politiques relatifs au développement de la ville, cette étude comparative vise dans ses grandes lignes à examiner le rapport entre les réseaux de gouvernance et l'émergence des échelles métropolitaines (ou l’absence de celles-ci). À l’aide de six études de cas relatives à des cités-régions mondiales qui n’ont pas d’administration formelle au niveau métropolitain – à savoir, Berlin, Delhi, New York, Paris, Rome et Shenzhen – ce présent article cherche à étudier les caractéristiques et l’essentiel des politiques qui prétendent être de portée métropoloitaine. Ainsi on peut mieux apprécier les réseaux, les stratégies et les approches adoptés suivant le contexte dans le but d’aborder les questions régionales qui chevauchent les frontières. Dans trois études de cas associées par paires on analyse les intérêts et les acteurs impliqués, l’importance de chacun de ces acteurs quant à l’élaboration de la politique, et les échelles et les intérêts territoriaux qui ont prédominé pour identifier les points communs à travers les études de cas et afin de rechercher des preuves de l'émergence des acteurs nouveaux pour ce qui est de l’élaboration de la politique de la ville et du changement d’échelle.

RESUMEN

El papel de las redes de gobernanza en la creación de una escala metropolitana. Territory, Politics, Governance. Mediante un análisis de los procesos de las políticas de desarrollo metropolitanas, el objetivo general de este estudio comparativo es examinar la relación entre las redes de gobernanza y la aparición (o falta de ella) de escalas metropolitanas. En este artículo se exploran las características y el contenido de las políticas que pretenden ser metropolitanas en su alcance a través de un grupo de seis estudios monográficos de regiones urbanas globales que carecen de un Gobierno formal de escala metropolitana: Berlín, Delhi, Nueva York, París, Roma y Shenzhen. Esta metodología nos permite tener una mejor idea de las redes, estrategias y enfoques que se utilizan en los diferentes contextos para abordar las cuestiones transfronterizas en las regiones. En tres estudios monográficos pareados, analizamos qué intereses y actores participaban, qué papel central desempeñaban los actores en el proceso político y qué escalas e intereses territoriales eran dominantes para identificar las similitudes en los casos y buscar evidencias del surgimiento de nuevos protagonistas en la elaboración de políticas metropolitanas y el reescalamiento político.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The authors are grateful to their colleagues in the International Metropolitan Research Consortium for inputs on earlier drafts of this paper. Loraine Kennedy acknowledges generous support from the CNRS SMI programme for her stay in New York during 2016–17.

DISCLOSURE STATEMENT

No potential conflict of interest was reported by the authors.

Notes

1. To avoid repetition with the introduction to this special issue (see d’Albergo and Lefèvre) we do not include a detailed review of the literature.

2. Following Brenner, territorialization, is viewed as ‘a historically specific, incomplete, and conflictual process rather than as a pregiven natural, or permanent condition’ (Citation2004, p. 43).

3. The Rome case represented an outlier in that it did not succeed in the implementation of policy that was metropolitan in scope. This failure offered important comparative lessons regarding scale and power, thus warranting inclusion. Thus, the Rome case must be understood as one in which metropolitan policy was aspirational.

4. ‘Plan panel thumbs up for Metro expansion in NCR’, Times of India, 31 May 2013. Retrieved from http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/Plan-panel-thumbs-up-for-Metro-expansion-in-NCR/articleshow/20372923.cms

5. Foreign-owned firms, particularly from Hong Kong and Taiwan, contributed overwhelmingly to the industrial output in Shenzhen, accounting for over 80% from 1995 to 2004 (Yang, Citation2015).

6. It occupies approximately 25% of the total area of the metropolitan region, and 33% of its total population.

7. Network of the Metropolitan Industrial Association.

8. Surrounding municipalities were given the option to join under the conditions laid out in the enabling legislation.

9. The Syndicat des transports d’Île-de-France (STIF) and Régie Autonome des Transports Parisiens (RATP), respectively.

10. Though with a much lower population density than the city of Berlin belying the fact that it is generally a more rural territory.

11. Some scholarship is critical of the level of actual cooperation that has been achieved through this mechanism (see Hauswirth et al., Citation2003).

12. Not all of the plans focus on the totality of the bi-State region, but the intent is to establish a stronger position for both States by investing planning capital in targeted locations.

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