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Smoking-induced immune deviation contributes to progression of bladder and other cancers

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Article: e1019199 | Received 09 Feb 2015, Accepted 09 Feb 2015, Published online: 27 Jul 2015
 

Abstract

We propose here that cigarette smoke (CS), in addition to its established genotoxic effects, elicits chronic albeit sub-clinical immune suppression, which is a major contributor to cancer progression. This hypothesis, presented here primarily in the context of bladder cancers (BCs), is applicable to other cancers, including those without a confirmed link to smoking.

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